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are well below

  • 1 много ниже

    •

    These flow rates are well below those corresponding to flooding.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > много ниже

  • 2 много ниже

    •

    These flow rates are well below those corresponding to flooding.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > много ниже

  • 3 не приносить вреда

    Не приносить вреда
     Therefore, loads in the reverse direction do not harm as long as they are well below this critical value.
     This action is not harmful to the mechanism.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > не приносить вреда

  • 4 debajo

    adv.
    1 underneath.
    el de debajo the one underneath
    debajo vive un pianista a pianist lives downstairs
    el vecino/la oficina de debajo the neighbor/office downstairs
    debajo de underneath, under
    debajo de la mesa/las escaleras under the table/the stairs
    ¿qué llevas debajo del abrigo? what have you got on under your coat?
    llevo una camiseta por debajo I've got a vest on underneath
    pasamos por debajo del puente we went under the bridge
    2 under, underneath, below, beneath.
    * * *
    1 below, underneath
    \
    debajo de under, below, underneath
    por debajo underneath
    por debajo de below, under
    * * *
    adv.
    - por debajo
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=en la parte de abajo) underneath

    antes de pintar la silla, pon un periódico debajo — before you paint the chair, put some newspaper underneath

    • ahí debajo — down there

    • de debajo, la capa de debajo no se ve — you can't see the layer underneath o beneath

    2)

    debajo de este árbol — under o beneath this tree

    pasamos (por) debajo del puente — we went under o underneath the bridge

    * * *
    1) [Latin American Spanish also uses abajo in many of these examples] underneath

    el que está debajo — the one below, the next one down

    2)

    debajo de — (loc prep) under

    debajo del coche — under o underneath the car

    por debajo de mí/ti/él — below me/you/him

    * * *
    Ex. Some display racks are designed so that the sloping display shelf lifts up to reveal storage space underneath for back issues.
    ----
    * debajo de = beneath.
    * debajo del suelo = subfloor.
    * descender por debajo de = fall below.
    * por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.
    * por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.
    * por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.
    * por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.
    * por debajo de las posibilidades (de una persona) = below + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.
    * por debajo del peso normal = underweight.
    * rendimiento por debajo de la media = under-performance.
    * * *
    1) [Latin American Spanish also uses abajo in many of these examples] underneath

    el que está debajo — the one below, the next one down

    2)

    debajo de — (loc prep) under

    debajo del coche — under o underneath the car

    por debajo de mí/ti/él — below me/you/him

    * * *

    Ex: Some display racks are designed so that the sloping display shelf lifts up to reveal storage space underneath for back issues.

    * debajo de = beneath.
    * debajo del suelo = subfloor.
    * descender por debajo de = fall below.
    * por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.
    * por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.
    * por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.
    * por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.
    * por debajo de las posibilidades (de una persona) = below + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.
    * por debajo del peso normal = underweight.
    * rendimiento por debajo de la media = under-performance.

    * * *
    el que está debajo (el siguiente) the one below, the next one down; (el último) the one on the bottom
    no llevo nada debajo I'm not wearing anything underneath
    B
    coloca un platito debajo de la maceta put a saucer under the plant pot
    ¿qué haces debajo del coche? what are you doing under o underneath the car?
    cruzó toda la piscina por debajo del agua he swam right across the pool underwater
    debajo de los escombros under o beneath the rubble
    un punto por debajo del 5,20% de ayer a point down on o a point lower than yesterday's 5.20%
    temperaturas muy por debajo de lo normal temperatures well below average o much lower than average
    la enagua se le asomaba por debajo de la falda her slip was showing below her skirt
    él está por debajo de Cárdenas en la empresa he's below Cárdenas in the company
    por debajo de mí/ti/él or ( crit) por debajo mío/tuyo/suyo below me/you/him
    * * *

     

    debajo adverbio
    1 Latin American Spanish also uses
    ◊ abajo in many of these examples underneath;

    no hay nada debajo there's nothing underneath;
    el que está debajo the one below, the next one down
    2

    debajo del coche under o underneath the car;
    debajo del agua underwater;
    por debajo de la puerta under the door;
    temperaturas por debajo de lo normal temperatures below average
    debajo adverbio underneath, below: estaba debajo de la cama, it was under the bed
    tienes que coger el de debajo, you have to take the one below
    por debajo de la media, below average
    por debajo de la puerta, under the door
    ' debajo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    deslizar
    - escalón
    - hojarasca
    - valer
    English:
    below
    - beneath
    - from
    - go under
    - keep
    - par
    - peep
    - shell
    - standard
    - tickle
    - under
    - underneath
    - underprice
    - rank
    - second
    - subnormal
    - through
    - tuck
    - underwater
    * * *
    debajo adv
    1. [en un lugar, posición] underneath;
    debajo vive un pianista a pianist lives downstairs;
    el de debajo the one underneath;
    el mío es el de debajo mine is the one below;
    el de debajo del todo the one right at the bottom;
    el vecino/la oficina de debajo the downstairs neighbour/office;
    llevo una camiseta (por) debajo I've got a vest on underneath;
    debajo de underneath, under;
    el gato se escondió debajo de la mesa the cat hid under the table;
    debajo del sótano hay un pasadizo secreto there's a secret passageway underneath the basement;
    ¿qué llevas debajo del abrigo? what have you got on under your coat?;
    sacó el botín de debajo de la cama she took out the loot from under the bed;
    pasamos por debajo del puente we went under the bridge;
    vuelven a llevarse las faldas por debajo de la rodilla skirts are being worn below the knee again
    2. [en jerarquías, escalas]
    debajo de below, under, underneath;
    debajo de mí underneath/below me;
    tengo a muchos empleados por debajo de mí I have several employees under me;
    García estuvo por debajo de sus posibilidades García was below form o below par o beneath his best
    * * *
    I adv underneath
    II prp
    :
    un grado por debajo de lo normal one degree below normal
    * * *
    debajo adv
    1) : underneath, below, on the bottom
    2)
    debajo de : under, underneath
    3)
    por debajo : below, beneath
    * * *
    debajo adv underneath

    Spanish-English dictionary > debajo

  • 5 bien

    adv.
    1 well (debidamente, adecuadamente).
    ¿cómo estás? — bien, gracias how are you? — fine, thanks
    hacer algo bien to do something well
    has hecho bien you did the right thing
    ¡bien hecho! well done!
    habla inglés bien she speaks English well
    cierra bien la puerta shut the door properly
    hiciste bien en decírmelo you were right to tell me
    ¿vamos bien de gasolina? are we doing all right for petrol o (British) gas?, have we got plenty of (United States) petrol o (British) gas? (United States)
    2 very (muy, bastante).
    hoy me he levantado bien temprano I got up nice and early today
    quiero un vaso de agua bien fría I'd like a nice cold glass of water
    3 all right, OK (vale, de acuerdo).
    ¿nos vamos? — bien shall we go? — all right
    4 quite happily.
    ella bien que lo haría, pero no le dejan she'd be happy to do it, but they won't let her
    intj.
    1 all right, OK, it's OK, it's okay.
    2 well done.
    3 well then.
    4 good.
    m.
    el bien y el mal good and evil
    hacer el bien to do good (deeds)
    2 good (provecho).
    esto te hará bien this will do you good
    por el bien de for the sake of
    lo hice por tu bien I did it for your own good
    3 good (note).
    4 possession, good, article, asset.
    5 well-being, good, welfare.
    Buscamos su bien We seek his well-being.
    6 benefit, sake.
    Para su bien For his sake.
    * * *
    1 (gen) well
    ■ trabaja bien her work is good, she does a good job
    ■ todo eso está muy bien, pero... that's all very well, but...
    2 (como es debido) properly, right
    ■ si no pronuncias bien, no te van a entender if you don't pronounce the words properly, they won't understand you
    ■ ¡pórtate bien! behave yourself!
    3 (acertadamente) right, correctly
    4 (con éxito) successfully
    5 (de acuerdo) O.K., all right
    ■ ven mañana a las dos, --bien come tomorrow at two, --all right
    6 (de buena gana) willingly, gladly
    7 (mucho) very
    8 (fácilmente) easily
    ■ bien se ve que... it is easy to see that...
    9 (de gusto, olor, aspecto, etc) good, nice, lovely
    10 (de salud) well
    ■ ¿te encuentras bien? are you feeling all right?
    11 (físicamente) good-looking
    1 (acomodado) well-off
    1 good
    2 (bienestar) benefit
    1 property sing, possessions
    ► conjunción bien... bien
    1 either... or
    ■ se lo enviaremos bien por correo, bien por mensajero we'll send it to you either by post or by messenger
    \
    en bien de for the sake of
    estarle bien algo a alguien to serve somebody right
    hacer bien to do good
    bien que although
    tener a bien de hacer algo to be good enough to do something
    ¡ya está bien! that's enough!
    bien de consumo consumer item
    bienes de consumo consumer goods
    bien de equipo capital asset
    bienes de equipo capital goods, capital assets
    bienes inmuebles real estate sing
    bienes muebles movables, personal property sing
    gente bien familiar the upper classes plural
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. adv.
    1) well
    2) correctly, properly
    •
    3. interj. 4. noun m. - bienes de consumo
    - bienes de equipo
    - bienes raíces
    * * *
    1. ADV
    1) (=satisfactoriamente) well

    hablas bien el español — you speak good Spanish, you speak Spanish well

    bien gracias, ¿y usted? — fine thanks, and you?

    ¡muy bien! — very good!; [aprobando un discurso] hear, hear!

    ¡qué bien! — great!, excellent!

    • oler bien — to smell good

    • saber bien — to taste good

    2) (=correctamente)

    ¿has puesto bien la rueda? — have you put the wheel on properly?

    si no cierras la tapa bien, se saldrá el líquido — if you don't screw the top on properly, the liquid will leak out

    ¡bien hecho! — well done!

    has contestado bien — you gave the right answer, you answered correctly

    • hacer bien en, hiciste bien en decírselo — you were right to tell him, you did the right thing in telling him

    3)

    • estar bien, ¿estás bien? — are you all right?, are you OK?

    ¡está bien!, lo haré — O.K. o all right, I'll do it!

    ¡pues sí que estamos bien! — this is a fine mess we're in!

    ese libro está muy bien — that book's very good, that's a very good book

    que esté(s) bien — Col * bye *

    ¡eso no está bien! — [a un niño] that's not very nice!

    ¡ya está bien! — that's enough!

    • estar bien de algo, estar bien de salud — to be well, be in good health

    4) (=de acuerdo)

    ¡bien! — all right!, O.K.!

    -¿quieres que vayamos al cine? -bien — "shall we go to the cinema?" - "O.K. o all right"

    5) (=muy)

    esperamos hasta bien entrada la noche — we waited until very late at night, we waited until well into the night

    6)

    • bien de (=muchos) —

    ¡te han dado bien de regalos! — you got a lot of presents!

    7) (=de buena gana)

    yo bien iría, pero... — I'd gladly go, but..., I'd be happy to go, but...

    8) (=fácilmente) easily

    bien se ve que... — it is easy to see that...

    ¡bien podía habérmelo dicho! — he could have told me!

    9) [locuciones]

    • estar a bien con algn — to be on good terms with sb

    • de bien en bien o mejor — better and better

    • bien que mal — one way or another, by hook or by crook

    • más bien — rather

    más bien bajo — on the short side, rather short

    más bien creo que... — I actually think...

    • pues bien — well

    • tener a bien hacer algo — to see fit to do sth

    le ruego tenga a bien inscribirme en la lista — please be so kind as to include me on the list, I would be grateful if you would include me on the list

    • bien es verdad que... — it is of course true that...

    • ¿y bien? — well?

    2. CONJ
    1)

    • si bien — although

    si bien es cierto que... — although it's true that...

    2)

    • no bien, ni bien Cono Sur —

    no bien llegó, empezó a llover — no sooner had he arrived than it started to rain, as soon as he arrived it started to rain

    3) [en alternancia]

    bien por avión, bien en tren — either by air or by train

    bien se levantó, bien se sentó — whether he stood up or sat down

    3.
    ADJ [persona] well-to-do; [restaurante, barrio] posh *
    4. SM
    1) (=bondad) good
    2) (=provecho) good

    el bien común o público — the common good

    3) [apelativo]

    • mi bien — my dear, my darling

    4) pl bienes (=géneros) goods; (=propiedad) property sing, possessions; (=riqueza) riches, wealth sing

    bienes muebles — personal property sing, goods and chattels

    bienes raíces — real estate sing, realty sing (EEUU)

    bienes relictos — estate sing, inheritance sing

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable
    1) [estar] ( sano) well

    no me siento or encuentro bien — I don't feel well

    2) [estar] (fam) ( refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive
    3) [estar] (cómodo, agradable)

    ¿vas bien ahí atrás? — are you all right in the back?

    4) ( agradable) <oler/saber>
    5) [estar]

    ¿está bien así, señorita? — is that all right, miss?

    podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien — we could go tomorrow, if you like

    ¿lo has leído? está muy bien — have you read it? it's very good

    está bien! si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas — all right o okay, then! don't do it if you don't want to

    no funciona - pues qué bien! — (iró) it's not working - oh, great! (iro)

    6) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right
    7)

    estar or andar bien de algo — to be all right for something

    ¿estamos bien de aceite? — are we all right for oil?

    b)

    ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir — you've been playing long enough, now go to bed

    8)
    a) (fam) ( de buena posición social) <familia/gente> well-to-do

    un barrio bien — a well-to-do o (BrE) posh area

    b) (RPl fam) <gente/persona> ( honrado) respectable, decent
    II
    1) ( de manera satisfactoria) <dormir/funcionar/cantar> well
    2) ( ventajosamente) well
    4)
    a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly

    bien cocido — well o properly cooked

    ¿cerraste bien? — did you lock the door properly?

    bien sabes que... — you know perfectly well that...

    b) (con cuidado, atención) <escuchar/mirar> carefully
    5) ( correctamente) well

    bien hecho/dicho! — well done/said!

    a) ( muy) very

    ¿estás bien seguro? — are you positive?

    ser bien de adentro — (Per fam) to be a good sort

    b) ( fácilmente) easily

    bien pudo suceder — it could well o easily have happened

    c) (en recriminaciones, protestas)
    d)

    bien que...: bien que llama cuando necesita dinero — he soon calls when he needs money

    más bien: es más bien delgada she's quite slim; no bien as soon as; si bien although; estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with somebody; tener a bien hacer algo (frml): le rogamos tenga a bien abonar esta suma — we would ask you to pay this sum (frml)

    III

    bien, sigamos adelante — right then o fine, let's continue

    bien,... ¿dónde estábamos? — right,... where were we?

    pues bien, como te iba diciendo... — so, as I was telling you...

    b)

    bien! — ( expresando aprobación) well done!

    IV

    puede abonarse o bien al contado o bien en 12 cuotas mensuales — (frml) payment may be made either in cash or in twelve monthly installments

    V
    1) (Fil) good
    2)
    a) (beneficio, bienestar) good
    b)

    hacer bien — (+ me/te/le etc)

    3) ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
    4)
    a) ( posesión)
    b) bienes masculino plural (Fin) assets (pl)
    •
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable
    1) [estar] ( sano) well

    no me siento or encuentro bien — I don't feel well

    2) [estar] (fam) ( refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive
    3) [estar] (cómodo, agradable)

    ¿vas bien ahí atrás? — are you all right in the back?

    4) ( agradable) <oler/saber>
    5) [estar]

    ¿está bien así, señorita? — is that all right, miss?

    podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien — we could go tomorrow, if you like

    ¿lo has leído? está muy bien — have you read it? it's very good

    está bien! si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas — all right o okay, then! don't do it if you don't want to

    no funciona - pues qué bien! — (iró) it's not working - oh, great! (iro)

    6) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right
    7)

    estar or andar bien de algo — to be all right for something

    ¿estamos bien de aceite? — are we all right for oil?

    b)

    ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir — you've been playing long enough, now go to bed

    8)
    a) (fam) ( de buena posición social) <familia/gente> well-to-do

    un barrio bien — a well-to-do o (BrE) posh area

    b) (RPl fam) <gente/persona> ( honrado) respectable, decent
    II
    1) ( de manera satisfactoria) <dormir/funcionar/cantar> well
    2) ( ventajosamente) well
    4)
    a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly

    bien cocido — well o properly cooked

    ¿cerraste bien? — did you lock the door properly?

    bien sabes que... — you know perfectly well that...

    b) (con cuidado, atención) <escuchar/mirar> carefully
    5) ( correctamente) well

    bien hecho/dicho! — well done/said!

    a) ( muy) very

    ¿estás bien seguro? — are you positive?

    ser bien de adentro — (Per fam) to be a good sort

    b) ( fácilmente) easily

    bien pudo suceder — it could well o easily have happened

    c) (en recriminaciones, protestas)
    d)

    bien que...: bien que llama cuando necesita dinero — he soon calls when he needs money

    más bien: es más bien delgada she's quite slim; no bien as soon as; si bien although; estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with somebody; tener a bien hacer algo (frml): le rogamos tenga a bien abonar esta suma — we would ask you to pay this sum (frml)

    III

    bien, sigamos adelante — right then o fine, let's continue

    bien,... ¿dónde estábamos? — right,... where were we?

    pues bien, como te iba diciendo... — so, as I was telling you...

    b)

    bien! — ( expresando aprobación) well done!

    IV

    puede abonarse o bien al contado o bien en 12 cuotas mensuales — (frml) payment may be made either in cash or in twelve monthly installments

    V
    1) (Fil) good
    2)
    a) (beneficio, bienestar) good
    b)

    hacer bien — (+ me/te/le etc)

    3) ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
    4)
    a) ( posesión)
    b) bienes masculino plural (Fin) assets (pl)
    •
    * * *
    bien1
    1 = fine [finer -comp., finest -sup.], neatly, tidy, jolly + Adjetivo/Adverbio, aright, alright [all right], all right [alright], good.

    Ex: The solution is fine when the qualifying term that the user seeks is present, and is used relatively consistently.

    Ex: This arrangement is ideal for well-defined subjects which coincide neatly with the interest of the library user.
    Ex: This was all very tidy, but who was to judge significance?.
    Ex: The public library people and some others have needs that have long been unmet, but jolly well ought to be as soon as possible.
    Ex: Another wise precaution at this preliminary stage is to make sure that he has heard aright.
    Ex: The article 'The kids are alright?' presents some of the findings of the questionnaire study which had as its focus the qualitative impact of public libraries on children's reading.
    Ex: So the system apparently works all right and no one is suggesting that it needs a major overhaul.
    Ex: It is imperative for young people to learn to be empathetic, both for their own good and for the good of society as a whole.
    * abrigarse bien = wrap up + warm.
    * acoger bien = welcome.
    * aguantarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.
    * ahora bien = now.
    * bastante bien = good enough, rather well, fairly + Verbo.
    * bien aceptado = well-accepted.
    * bien acomodado = well-to-do, well-off.
    * bien administrado = well-managed.
    * bien afeitado = clean shaven.
    * bien andado = well trodden.
    * bien anunciado = well-advertised, well-announced.
    * bien arado = well-tilled.
    * bien argumentado = well-considered.
    * bien arreglado = well-groomed.
    * bien comprendido = well-understood.
    * bien común, el = common good, the, common wealth, the.
    * bien conectado = well-connected.
    * bien conocido = well-known, well-understood.
    * bien conseguido = well-rendered.
    * bien conservado = well-kept.
    * bien considerado = all things considered.
    * bien construido = well-built.
    * bien controlado = well-regulated.
    * bien cuidado = clean-cut, well-tended.
    * bien cultural = cultural product.
    * bien definido = well-defined, clearly defined, clearly-drawn, clean-cut, articulated, clear-cut.
    * bien demarcado = hard-edged.
    * bien de todos, el = common good, the.
    * bien dicho = amen to that!.
    * bien diferenciado = well differentiated.
    * bien dirigido = well-regulated.
    * bien documentado = well documented [well-documented].
    * bien dotado = well-equipped, well-endowed, well-resourced.
    * bien dotado de medios = well-resourced.
    * bien dotado de personal = well-staffed.
    * bien dotado de recursos = well-resourced.
    * bien educado = urbane.
    * bien encaminado = a step in the right direction.
    * bien ensayado = well-practised [well-practiced, -USA].
    * bien entrada la noche = late at night.
    * bien equilibrado = well balanced [well-balanced].
    * bien equipado = well-appointed, well-equipped, well-resourced.
    * bien equipado de medios = well-resourced.
    * bien equipado de recursos = well-resourced.
    * bien escrito = well-written.
    * bien estructurado = well thought out, well-structured [well structured].
    * bien expresado = well-articulated.
    * bien financiado = well-funded.
    * bien formado = shapely [shapelier -comp., shapeliest -sup.], articulated.
    * bien formalizado = well-formalised [well-formalized].
    * bien formulado = well-formulated.
    * bien fundado = well-justified, well-formulated.
    * bien fundamentado = well-founded.
    * bien gestionado = well-managed.
    * bien gobernado = well-regulated, well-governed.
    * bien hecho = well-made, well formed [well-formed], well-rendered, well done.
    * ¡bien hecho! = the way to go!.
    * bien iluminado = well-lit.
    * bien informado = well-informed, informed.
    * bienintencionado = well-intentioned, well meant, well-intended, well-meaning.
    * bien justificado = well-founded, well-formulated.
    * bien llevado = well-run.
    * bien merecido = well deserved, well deserved, well-earned.
    * bien mirado = all things considered.
    * bien... o... = either... or..., either... or....
    * bien ordenado = well-kept, well-ordered, in good order.
    * bien organizado = well-organised [well-organized], well-structured [well structured].
    * bien pagado = well-paid.
    * bien parecido = personable, good looking.
    * bien pensado = well thought out.
    * bien planeado = well-planned.
    * bien planificado = well-planned.
    * bien practicado = well-practised [well-practiced, -USA].
    * bien preparado = well-trained, well-prepared.
    * bien presentado = well-presented, well-rendered.
    * bien producido = well-produced, well-made.
    * bien proporcionado = shapely [shapelier -comp., shapeliest -sup.].
    * bien provisto = well-endowed.
    * bien provisto (de) = well-stocked (with).
    * bien público = public good, commonwealth.
    * bien recibido = welcome.
    * bien reconocido = well-recognised [well-recognized].
    * bien redondito = well-rounded.
    * bien remunerado = well-paid.
    * bien representado = well represented, well-rendered.
    * bien seleccionado = well-chosen, well-selected.
    * bien sincronizado = well-synchronised [well-synchronized, -USA].
    * bien surtido (de) = well-stocked (with).
    * bien testado = well-tested.
    * bien tratado = well represented.
    * bien uniformado = well-uniformed.
    * bien ventilado = airy [airier -comp., airiest -sup.].
    * bien vestido = well-dressed, dapper.
    * bien visto = welcome.
    * caerse bien = hit it off.
    * cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.
    * cambiar para bien = change for + the better.
    * casar bien = fit in + well.
    * comenzar bien = get off to + a (good/great) start, make + a good start.
    * comprender bien = be clear in your mind.
    * comprenderse bien = be well understood.
    * conservarse bien = keep + well.
    * cosas + ir bien = things + go well.
    * creer que estar bien = feel + right.
    * cuatro verdades bien dichas = home truth.
    * dársele Algo bien a Uno = be good at.
    * dársele a Uno bien las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.
    * dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.
    * desempeñar bien una función = perform + well.
    * despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.
    * el bien de = the good of.
    * empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.
    * estar bien = be okay, be in good shape, be in good health.
    * estar bien de salud = be in good health.
    * estar bien encaminado = be on the right track.
    * estar bien pensado = be carefully thought out.
    * funcionar bien = be in order.
    * gente bien = well-to-do, well-off.
    * hablar muy bien de = rant and rave.
    * hablarse bien de Algo o Alguien = be well spoken of.
    * hacer Algo muy bien = do + an excellent job of, make + an excellent job of.
    * hacer bien = do + good.
    * hacerlo bien = put + matters + right, be right on track.
    * hacer sentir bien = make + Nombre + feel good.
    * hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.
    * haz el bien y no mires a quién = cast your bread upon the waters.
    * impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = property tax.
    * ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.
    * ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.
    * ir todo bien = be fine.
    * jugar bien + Posesivo + baza = play + Posesivo + cards right.
    * jugar bien + Posesivo + cartas = play + Posesivo + cards right.
    * llevarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.
    * llevarse bien = get along, on good terms.
    * llevarse bien con Alguien = get on with + Pronombre Personal.
    * lo que está bien y lo que está mal = rights and wrongs.
    * mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantenerse bien = keep + well.
    * marchar bien = go + strong.
    * más bien = if you like, instead.
    * más bien bajo = shortish.
    * más bien pequeño = smallish.
    * más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * masticar bien = chew up.
    * mirándolo bien = all things considered.
    * muy bien = nicely.
    * ¡muy bien! = the way to go!.
    * muy bien pagado = highly paid.
    * muy bien + podría + Verbo = might + well + Verbo.
    * muy bien + puede + Verbo = may well + Verbo.
    * muy bien remunerado = highly paid.
    * no caer bien = not take + kindly to.
    * no estar bien equilibrado = skew.
    * no hay mal que por bien no venga = to every cloud, there is a silver lining.
    * no hay mal que por bien no venga = every cloud has a silver lining, be a blessing in disguise.
    * no importa lo bien = no matter how well.
    * no muy bien informado = not-too-well-informed.
    * no ser bien visto = be in the doghouse.
    * no tomárselo bien = not take + kindly to.
    * pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.
    * para bien = for the best, for the better.
    * para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.
    * para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.
    * para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.
    * para el bien de = for the benefit of.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * parecer bien = be all right with + Persona.
    * pasarlo bien = have + fun, be a great time.
    * pasárselo bien = have + a good time, have + a great time.
    * pasárselo la mar de bien = have + a whale of a time, have + a great time.
    * persona que duerme bien = good sleeper.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * puede muy bien ser = could well be.
    * puede muy bien ser que = it may well be that.
    * puede que al final sea para bien = be a blessing in disguise.
    * pues bien = well.
    * que bota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].
    * que no ajusta bien = ill-fitting.
    * que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.
    * que no queda bien = ill-fitting.
    * que rebota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].
    * recibir bien = welcome.
    * recibir bien una iniciativa = welcome + initiative.
    * salir bien = go + well.
    * salir bien al final = turn out + right in the end.
    * salir todo bien = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet.
    * seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * sentar bien a Alguien = look + good on + Nombre.
    * sentirse bien = feel + good, wellness, feel + right, get + high.
    * sentirse bien con Uno mismo = feel + right.
    * ser algo bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser algo (muy) bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser por el bien de Alguien = be to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * estar suficientemente bien + Participio Pasado = be sufficiently well + Participio Pasado.
    * ser suficientemente bien + Participio Pasado = be sufficiently well + Participio Pasado.
    * ser un hecho bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser un hecho bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * servir muy bien = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * si bien es cierto que = albeit (that).
    * sin bien se mira = all things considered.
    * sino más bien = rather.
    * sino (que) más bien = but rather.
    * todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.
    * tomárselo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * usar Algo bien = put to + good use.
    * venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.
    * venir muy bien = fit + the bill.
    * ver bien = welcome.

    * * *
    A [ ESTAR] (sano) well
    mi padre no anda or no está bien my father's not very well
    no me siento or encuentro bien I don't feel well
    ¡tú no estás bien de la cabeza! you're not right in the head!
    estuvo enfermo pero ya está bien he was ill but he's all right now
    B [ ESTAR]
    (económicamente acomodado): los padres están muy bien her parents are well off
    no son ricos, pero están bien they're not rich but they're reasonably well off o they're comfortably off
    C [ ESTAR] ( fam) (refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive
    D [ ESTAR]
    (cómodo, agradable): estoy bien aquí I'm fine o all right here
    ¿vas bien allí atrás? are you all right in the back?
    se está bien a la sombra it's nice in the shade
    E (agradable) ‹oler/saber›
    ¡qué bien huele! it smells really good!
    ¡qué bien hueles! you smell nice!
    este café sabe muy bien this coffee tastes very good o nice
    F [ ESTAR]
    (satisfactorio): ¿está bien así, señorita? is that right o all right, miss?
    estás or quedaste or saliste muy bien en esta foto you look very nice o really good in this photograph
    ese cuadro no queda bien ahí that painting doesn't look right there
    podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien we could go tomorrow, if you like
    la casa está muy bien the house is very nice
    ¿lo has leído? está muy bien have you read it? it's very good
    ¡está bien!, si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas all right o okay, then! if you don't want to do it, don't
    ¡qué bien, mañana es fiesta! great! tomorrow's a holiday!
    la lavadora no funciona — ¡pues qué bien! ( iró); the washing machine's not working — oh, great! o well, that's great! ( iro)
    G [ ESTAR] (correcto, adecuado) right
    está bien que se premie la iniciativa it's right o good that initiative should be rewarded
    estuviste bien en negarle la entrada you did o were right to refuse to let him in
    H
    1 (indicando suficiencia) estar bien DE algo:
    ¿estamos bien de aceite? are we all right for oil?
    no ando bien de tiempo I'm a bit short of time, I don't have much time
    2
    ya está bien that's enough
    ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir you've been playing long enough, now go to bed
    I
    1 ( fam) (de buena posición social) ‹familia/gente› well-to-do
    viven en un barrio bien they live in a well-to-do o ( BrE) posh area
    niño2 (↑ niño (2))
    2 ( RPl fam) ‹gente/persona› (honrado) respectable, decent
    A (de manera satisfactoria) ‹dormir/funcionar/cantar› well
    se come de bien allí … the food is so good there!
    ¿cómo te va? — bien, ¿y a ti? how are things? — fine, how about you?
    no le fue bien en Alemania things didn't work out for her in Germany
    quien bien te quiere te hará llorar you have to be cruel to be kind
    el local está muy bien ubicado the premises are very well situated
    vendió el coche muy bien she sold the car well o for a good price
    C
    (favorablemente): me habló muy bien de ti he spoke very highly of you
    yo prefiero pensar bien de la gente I prefer to think well of people
    D
    1 (a fondo, completamente) well, properly
    ¿cerraste bien? did you make sure the door was locked (properly)?
    el cerdo debe comerse bien cocido pork should be well cooked o properly cooked before being eaten
    bien sabes que … you know perfectly well o very well that …
    2 (con cuidado, atención) carefully
    escucha bien lo que te voy a decir listen carefully to what I'm going to say
    pórtate bien behave yourself
    hiciste bien en decírselo you did the right thing to tell him
    ¡bien dice tu padre que eres un terco! your father's dead right when he says you're stubborn
    ¡bien hecho/dicho! well done/said!
    1 (muy) very
    canta bien mal he sings really o very badly
    llegó bien entrada la noche she arrived very late at night
    ¿estás bien seguro? are you positive o certain?, are you absolutely sure?
    bien por debajo de lo normal well below average
    ponte bien adelante sit close to the front, sit well forward
    2 (fácilmente) easily
    vale bien dos millones it's worth two million easily
    yo no me acuerdo pero bien pudo ser I don't remember but it could well o easily have been
    3
    (en recriminaciones, protestas): bien podías haberlo ayudado you could o might have helped him!
    4
    bien que …: pero bien que llama cuando necesita dinero he's quick enough to call when he needs money, though
    ¿por qué no le compras algo?, a ti bien que te gusta que te hagan regalos why don't you buy her something? you like it when people give you presents
    G ( en locs):
    más bien: una chica más bien delgada a rather thin girl
    no me cae bien — di más bien que no lo puedes ver I don't like him — what you mean is you can't stand the sight of him
    ¿vas a ir? — ¡más bien! ( Arg fam); are you going to go? — you bet! ( colloq)
    no bien or ( RPl) ni bien. as soon as
    no bien llegó, le dieron la noticia no sooner had he arrived than they told him the news, as soon as he arrived they told him the news
    si bien although
    estar a bien con algn to be on good terms with sb
    le ruego tenga a bien considerar mi solicitud I would be grateful if you would consider my application
    Compuesto:
    bien nacido, bien nacida
    masculine, feminine nice person ver tb bienintencionado, bien parecido, etc
    1
    (como enlace): bien, sigamos adelante right then o fine, let's continue
    bien, … ¿dónde estábamos? now o right, … where were we?
    y bien ¿estás dispuesto a hacerlo o no? so, are you prepared to do it or not?
    pues bien, como te iba diciendo … so, as I was telling you …
    2
    ¡bien! (expresando aprobación) well done!
    ¡bien, muchachos! well done, boys!
    no habrá clases hoy — ¡bieeeen! there won't be any lessons today — yippee o hurrah!
    puede abonarse (o) bien al contado (o) bien en 12 cuotas mensuales ( frml); payment may be made (either) in cash or in twelve monthly installments
    o bien te disculpas o te quedas castigado either you say you're sorry or I'll keep you in
    A ( Fil) good
    el bien y el mal good and evil
    haz bien y no mires a quién do good to all alike
    un hombre de bien a good man
    B
    1 (beneficio, bienestar) good
    es por tu bien it's for your own good
    trabajar por el bien de todos to work for the good of all
    que sea para bien I hope things go well for you/him/them
    acepté, no sé si para bien o para mal I accepted, though I'm not sure if it was a good move or not
    2
    hacer bien (+ me/te/le etc): la sopa te hará bien the soup will do you good
    sus palabras me hicieron mucho bien what he said helped me a lot o did me a lot of good
    C ( apelativo) dear, darling
    ¡mi bien! or ¡bien mío! ( ant o hum); my dear o darling
    D (en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
    E
    (posesión): el único bien valioso the only item of value
    la orden afecta a todos sus bienes the order applies to all his assets o possessions o goods
    Compuestos:
    common asset
    bienes comunales common property
    consumer article o item
    bienes de consumo consumer goods
    capital item o asset
    bienes de equipo capital goods o assets
    mpl livestock ( sing or pl)
    bienes gananciales joint property, community property ( AmE)
    immovable item o asset
    item of unclaimed property
    movable item
    bienes muebles movables, personal property, goods and chattels
    immovable item o asset
    bienes raíces real estate, realty ( AmE), property ( BrE)
    ownerless piece of land ( o asset etc)
    * * *

     

    bien 1 adjetivo invariable
    1 [estar] (de salud, en general) well;
    sentirse or encontrarse bien to feel well;
    ◊ ¿cómo estás? — muy bien, gracias how are you? — (I'm) very well, thank you;

    ¡qué bien estás! you look really well!;
    ¡tú no estás bien de la cabeza! you are not right in the head
    2 [estar]
    a) (cómodo, agradable):

    ◊ ¿vas bien ahí atrás? are you all right in the back?;

    se está bien a la sombra it's nice in the shade;
    la casa está muy bien the house is very nice
    b) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right;

    ◊ la fecha/el reloj está bien the date/the clock is right;

    ¿está bien así? is this all right?;
    si te parece bien if that's all right with you;
    el cuadro no queda bien ahí the picture doesn't look right there
    c) ( suficiente): estar or andar bien de algo to be all right for sth;

    ◊ ¿estamos bien de aceite? are we all right for oil?;

    ya está bien that's enough
    3 [estar]

    ◊ ¿lo has leído? está muy bien have you read it? it's very good


    4 (fam)
    a) ( de buena posición social) ‹familia/gente› well-to-do

    b) ‹ barrio› well-to-do, posh (BrE)

    bien 2 adverbio
    1
    a) ( de manera satisfactoria) ‹dormir/funcionar/cantar› well;



    ◊ habla muy bien inglés she speaks English very well o very good English;

    ¡bien hecho/dicho! well done/said!;
    pórtate bien behave yourself;
    hiciste bien en decírselo you were right to tell him;
    siéntate bien sit properly
    c) ( de manera agradable) ‹oler/saber› good

    2
    a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly;

    ◊ bien cocido well o properly cooked;

    ¿cerraste bien? did you lock the door properly?;
    bien sabes que … you know perfectly well that …
    b) (con cuidado, atención) ‹escuchar/mirar› carefully

    3


    bien entrada la noche very late at night;
    ¿estás bien seguro? are you positive?
    b) ( en locs)


    no bien as soon as;
    si bien although
    ■ interjección:
    ◊ ¡(muy) bien! well done!, (very) good!;

    ¡qué bien! great!
    ■ conjunción: bien … o … either … or …;
    se puede subir bien a pie o a caballo you can go up either on foot or on horseback
    bien 3 sustantivo masculino
    1 (Fil) good;

    hacer el bien to do good deeds;
    un hombre de bien a good man
    2
    a) (beneficio, bienestar) good;

    ◊ es por mi/tu bien it's for my/your own good

    b)

    ◊ hacer bien (+ me/te/le etc): esto te hará bien this will do you good

    3 ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
    4
    ◊ bienes

    a) sustantivo masculino plural (Com) goods;


    b) (Der) property;


    bienes inmuebles or raíces real estate (AmE), property (BrE);
    bienes muebles personal property, goods and chattels;
    bienes públicos public property
    bien
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 (justicia, bondad) good
    no sabe diferenciar entre el bien y el mal, he can't tell the diference between good and evil
    una persona de bien, a good person
    2 (provecho, ventaja) lo hago por tu bien, I do it for your sake
    en bien de la comunidad, for the good of community
    3 (propiedad) property: no tiene ningún bien con el que avalar el crédito, he has no property or goods to guarantee his credit
    bienes, goods
    bienes de consumo, consumer goods pl; bienes gananciales, communal property
    bienes inmuebles/raíces, real estate
    II adverbio
    1 (correctamente) well: hiciste bien en protestar, you were right to protest
    toca bien el piano, she plays piano well
    2 (sano) well, fine
    sentirse/encontrarse bien, to feel well
    3 (satisfactoriamente) este vestido te sienta bien, this dress suits you
    oler bien, to smell nice
    vivir bien, to be comfortably off
    4 (antepuesto a un adjetivo: muy) very, quite
    una cerveza bien fría, a nice cold beer
    bien pronto, very early, very soon
    (de buena gana) willingly, gladly: bien me iría ahora al cine, I'd love to go to the movies now
    III conj ahora bien, now, now then
    bien... o bien..., either... or...
    bien que mal, one way or another
    más bien, rather, a little
    no bien, as soon as: no bien llegó..., no sooner had she arrived than...
    pues bien, well then
    o bien, or, or else
    si bien, although, even though...: si bien es cierto que..., although it's quite clear that...
    IV exclamación ¡bien!, good!, great!
    ¡está bien!, (¡de acuerdo!) fine!, all right
    ¡muy bien!, excellent, first class!
    ¡qué bien!, great!, fantastic
    (desaprobación) ¡pues qué bien!, that's all I needed!
    ¡ya está bien!, that's (quite) enough!
    V adj inv un barrio bien, a well-to-do neighbourhood
    un niño bien, a rich kid
    En general se traduce por well. Sin embargo, cuando hablamos de personas decimos fine al referirnos a su salud: ¿Qué tal estás? - Muy bien, gracias. How are you? - Fine, thanks. Para describir un objeto puedes usar good: Ese libro está muy bien. That book is very good.
    ' bien' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrigar
    - acabar
    - acero
    - agarrar
    - ahora
    - alternar
    - amarrar
    - andar
    - antes
    - atrancar
    - avenida
    - avenido
    - avenirse
    - bailar
    - barbaridad
    - base
    - bastante
    - cabeza
    - caer
    - casar
    - cerrarse
    - columpiarse
    - cómo
    - comprobar
    - comunicada
    - comunicado
    - comunitaria
    - comunitario
    - coña
    - concesión
    - considerada
    - considerado
    - consuelo
    - contraria
    - contrario
    - convenir
    - cumplir
    - dar
    - darse
    - decirse
    - declarar
    - defenderse
    - deteriorarse
    - diáfana
    - diáfano
    - dinero
    - discreta
    - discreto
    - disfrutar
    - disputarse
    English:
    absence
    - acquit
    - agree
    - airy
    - all right
    - along
    - alternatively
    - antisocial
    - appreciate
    - aptly
    - articulate
    - at
    - aware
    - balance
    - ball
    - begin
    - behave
    - beneath
    - best
    - better
    - bookmobile
    - boom
    - border
    - bouncy
    - by
    - card
    - charity
    - cheap
    - clean-shaven
    - clockwork
    - closely
    - cloud
    - come in
    - come off
    - come out
    - conform
    - congenial
    - convenient
    - cosy
    - cozy
    - deserve
    - do
    - done
    - effective
    - either
    - enjoy
    - enunciate
    - equipped
    - familiar
    - far
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    [respetable]
    una familia bien a good family;
    un barrio bien a good area;
    Pey a posh area;
    un restaurante bien a posh restaurant;
    Pey
    niño bien rich kid;
    gente bien well-to-do people
    ♦ nm
    1. [concepto abstracto] good;
    el bien y el mal good and evil;
    se cree que está por encima del bien y del mal she thinks ordinary moral laws don't apply to her;
    hacer el bien to do good (deeds);
    un hombre de bien a good man
    2. [provecho] good;
    los padres desean el bien de los hijos parents desire the best for their children;
    esto te hará bien this will do you good;
    si se marcha, nos hará un bien a todos if she leaves, she'll be doing us all a favour;
    espero que el cambio sea para bien I hope the change is for the best, I hope the change works out well;
    por el bien de for the sake of;
    lo hice por tu bien I did it for your own good;
    han trabajado muy duro por el bien de todos they have worked very hard for the good of everyone
    3. [nota] = mark between 6 and 6.9 out of 10, ≈ pass, ≈ C
    ♦ bienes nmpl
    1. [patrimonio] property
    bienes de capital capital assets;
    bienes comunales common property;
    bienes fungibles perishables;
    bienes gananciales shared possessions;
    bienes inmateriales intangible assets;
    bienes inmuebles real estate, US real property;
    bienes muebles personal property;
    bienes públicos public property;
    bienes raíces real estate, landed property
    2. [productos] goods
    bienes de consumo consumer goods;
    bienes de consumo duraderos consumer durables, US hard goods;
    bienes de equipo capital goods;
    bienes de producción industrial goods;
    bienes terrenales worldly goods
    ♦ adv
    1. [debidamente, adecuadamente] well;
    ¿cómo estás? – bien, gracias how are you? – fine, thanks;
    habla inglés bien she speaks English well;
    ¡agárrate bien! hold on tight!;
    cierra bien la puerta shut the door properly;
    conoce bien el tema she knows a lot about the subject, she knows the subject well;
    ¿vamos bien de gasolina? are we doing all right for Br petrol o US gas?, have we got plenty of Br petrol o US gas?;
    bien mirado [bien pensado] if you look at it closely;
    [bien visto] well-regarded;
    bien pensado on reflection;
    contestar bien [correctamente] to answer correctly;
    [cortésmente] to answer politely;
    escucha bien,… listen carefully,…;
    estar bien relacionado to have good connections;
    le está bien empleado he deserves it, it serves him right;
    hacer algo bien to do sth well;
    has hecho bien you did the right thing;
    hiciste bien en decírmelo you were right to tell me;
    pórtate bien be good, behave yourself;
    salir bien librado to get off lightly;
    todo salió bien everything turned out well;
    vivir bien [económicamente] to be well-off;
    [en armonía] to be happy
    2. [expresa opinión favorable] well;
    ¡muy bien! very good!, excellent!;
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;
    me cayó muy bien I liked her a lot;
    me han hablado bien de él they have spoken well of him to me;
    en Portugal se come muy bien the food is very good in Portugal;
    estar bien [de aspecto] to be nice;
    [de salud] to be o feel well; [de calidad] to be good; [de comodidad] to be comfortable;
    ¡está bien! [bueno, vale] all right then!;
    [es suficiente] that's enough!;
    este traje te está bien this suit looks good on you;
    la tienda está bien situada the shop is well situated;
    está bien que te vayas, pero antes despídete it's all right for you to go, but say goodbye first;
    tal comportamiento no está bien visto such behaviour is frowned upon;
    encontrarse bien [de salud] to feel well;
    no se encuentra nada bien she doesn't feel at all well;
    oler/saber bien to smell/taste nice o good;
    ¡qué bien huele en esta cocina! it smells nice o good in this kitchen!;
    opinar bien de alguien to think highly of sb;
    no acaba de parecerme bien I don't really think it's a very good idea;
    no me parece bien que no la saludes I think it's wrong of you not to say hello to her;
    ¿te parece bien así? is it O.K. like this?, is this all right?;
    pasarlo bien to have a good time;
    ¡qué bien, mañana no trabajo! great, I don't have to go to work tomorrow!;
    Irónico
    ¡qué bien, ahora dice que no me puede pagar! isn't that just great, now she says she can't pay me!;
    salir bien to turn out well;
    ¡qué bien sales en la foto! you look great in the photo!;
    sentar bien a alguien [ropa] to suit sb;
    [comida] to agree with sb; [comentario] to please sb;
    el rojo no te sienta nada bien red doesn't suit you at all;
    come tan rápido que no le puede sentar bien she eats so quickly she's bound to get indigestion;
    algunos consideran que una copita de vino sienta bien some people think a glass of wine is good for you;
    no le sentó nada bien que lo criticaras en público he didn't like you criticizing him in public at all, he was none too impressed by you criticizing him in public;
    tu ayuda va a venir muy bien your help will be very welcome;
    no me viene nada bien salir esta tarde it's not very convenient for me o it doesn't really suit me to go out this afternoon;
    bien está lo que bien acaba all's well that ends well
    3. [muy]
    quiero el filete bien hecho I want my steak well done;
    bien abierto wide open;
    4. [uso enfático] pretty;
    un regalo bien caro a pretty expensive present;
    vamos a llegar bien tarde we're going to be pretty late;
    estoy bien cansado I'm pretty tired;
    hoy me he levantado bien temprano I got up nice and early today;
    quiero un vaso de agua bien fría I'd like a nice cold glass of water
    5. [vale, de acuerdo] all right, O.K.;
    ¿nos vamos? – bien shall we go? – all right
    6. [de buena gana, fácilmente] quite happily;
    ella bien que lo haría, pero no le dejan she'd be happy to do it o she'd quite happily do it, but they won't let her
    7. [expresa protesta]
    ¡bien podrías haberme avisado! you could at least have told me!;
    ¡bien podrías pagar tú esta vez! it would be nice if you paid for once o for a change!
    8. [en frases]
    bien es verdad que… it's certainly true that…;
    ¡bien por…! three cheers for…!;
    ¡ya está bien! that's enough!;
    ¡ya está bien de hacer el vago! that's enough lazing around!;
    estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with sb;
    ¡pues (sí que) estamos bien! that's all we needed!;
    tener a bien hacer algo to be good enough to do sth;
    le rogamos tenga a bien pasarse por nuestras oficinas we would ask you to (be good enough to) come to our offices
    ♦ conj
    bien… bien either… or;
    puedes venir bien por avión, bien por barco you can come by plane or by boat;
    dáselo bien a mi hermano, bien a mi padre give it to either my brother or my father
    ♦ interj
    1. [aprobación] good!, great!;
    [fastidio] oh, great!;
    hoy saldréis al recreo media hora antes – ¡bien! break time will be half an hour earlier today – great!;
    se acaba de estropear la televisión – ¡bien, lo que nos faltaba! the television has just broken down – oh great, that's all we needed!
    2. [enlazando]
    y bien, ¿qué te ha parecido? well o so, what did you think of it?;
    y bien, ¿a qué estás esperando? well, what are you waiting for?
    ♦ más bien loc conj
    rather;
    no estoy contento, más bien estupefacto I'm not so much happy as stunned;
    más bien creo que no vendrá I rather suspect she won't come, I think it unlikely that she'll come
    ♦ no bien, RP ni bien loc conj
    no sooner, as soon as;
    no bien me había marchado cuando empezaron a… no sooner had I gone than they started…
    ♦ si bien loc conj
    although, even though
    * * *
    I m good;
    por tu bien for your own good;
    bienes pl goods, property sg ;
    hombre de bien good man;
    II adj
    :
    ¡está bien! it’s OK!, it’s alright!;
    estoy bien I’m fine, I’m OK;
    ¿estás bien aquí? are you comfortable here?;
    la gente bien well-to-do people
    III adv
    1 well; ( muy) very;
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;
    bien está lo que bien acaba all’s well that ends well
    2 ( correctamente) well, properly
    :
    más bien rather;
    tener a bien hacer algo see fit to do sth;
    hicieron bien en reservar los billetes con tanta antelación they did the right thing booking the tickets so far ahead;
    haces bien en llevarte el paraguas it’s a good idea to take your umbrella;
    estar (a) bien con alguien be on good terms with s.o.
    IV conj
    :
    o bien … o … either … or …;
    si bien, bien que although;
    no bien as soon as
    V int
    :
    ¡ya está bien! that’s it!, that’s enough!;
    pues bien well
    * * *
    bien adv
    1) : well
    ¿dormiste bien?: did you sleep well?
    2) correctamente: correctly, properly, right
    hay que hacerlo bien: it must be done correctly
    3) : very, quite
    el libro era bien divertido: the book was very amusing
    4) : easily
    bien puede acabarlo en un día: he can easily finish it in a day
    5) : willingly, readily
    bien lo aceptaré: I'll gladly accept it
    6)
    bien que : although
    7)
    más bien : rather
    bien adj
    1) : well, OK, all right
    ¿te sientes bien?: are you feeling all right?
    2) : pleasant, agreeable
    las flores huelen bien: the flowers smell very nice
    3) : satisfactory
    4) : correct, right
    bien nm
    1) : good
    el bien y el mal: good and evil
    2) bienes nmpl
    : property, goods, possessions
    * * *
    bien1 adj (acomodado) well off / rich
    bien2 adv
    1. (en general) well
    el examen le fue bien the exam went well / he did well in the exam
    2. (de salud) well / fine
    ayer me dolía el estómago, pero ya estoy bien I had a stomachache yesterday, but I'm fine now
    estoy muy bien, gracias I'm very well, thank you
    ¿estás bien? are you all right?
    3. (de gusto, olor, aspecto) nice / good [comp. better; superl. best]
    ¡qué bien huele! what a nice smell! / it smells really good!
    4. (de manera correcta) properly / correctly / right
    5. (para intensificar) very / quite
    bien caliente nice and hot / very hot
    6. (de acuerdo) all right / OK
    ¿vienes? Bien are you coming? OK
    bien3 conj either... or
    se puede ir bien en tren, bien en autocar you can either go by train or by coach
    bien4 n
    1. (lo bueno) good
    2. (beneficio) good
    3. (nota académica) good / C

    Spanish-English dictionary > bien

  • 6 dessous

    dessous [d(ə)su]
    1. adverb
    ( = sous) [placer, passer] underneath ; ( = plus bas) below
    ► en dessous ( = sous) underneath ; ( = plus bas) below ; ( = hypocritement) in an underhand manner
    2. masculine noun
       a. [d'objet] bottom ; [de pied] sole ; [de tapis] back
    ► du dessous [feuille, drap] bottom
       c. ( = côté secret) le dessous de l'affaire or l'histoire the hidden side of the affair
       e. ► au-dessous below
    • ils habitent au-dessous they live downstairs► au-dessous de below ; [+ possibilités, limite] below ; ( = indigne de) beneath
    • 20° au-dessous de zéro 20° below zero
    • il est au-dessous de tout ! he's the absolute limit!
    * * *

    I
    1. dəsu
    adverbe underneath

    j'ai soulevé le livre, mes clés étaient dessous — I lifted the book and my keys were underneath

    quand je vois une échelle, je ne passe jamais dessous — when I see a ladder, I never walk under it


    2.
    en dessous locution adjective ( inférieur)

    la taille/le modèle en dessous — the next size down


    3.
    en dessous locution adverbiale
    1) ( sous quelque chose) underneath

    4.
    par en dessous locution adverbiale underneath

    5.
    en dessous de locution prépositive ( sous) below

    II
    1. dəsu
    nom masculin invariable (de langue, vase) underside; ( des bras) inside (part)

    de dessous, du dessous — [drap] bottom

    l'étagère de or du dessous — ( sous une autre) the shelf below; ( la dernière) the bottom shelf


    2.
    nom masculin pluriel
    1) ( sous-vêtements) underwear [U]
    2) ( la face cachée) (de scandale, cas, succès) inside story (sg) (de on)
    ••
    * * *
    d(ə)su
    1. adv
    2. prép
    under, underneath
    3. nm
    1) (d'un meuble, d'une surface) underside

    (= étage inférieur) les voisins du dessous — the downstairs neighbours

    en dessous (position) — underneath, below, fig (= de manière sournoise) slyly, on the sly

    Soulève le pot de fleurs, la clé est en dessous. — Lift the flowerpot, the key's underneath.

    Le grillage ne sert à rien, les lapins passent par-dessous. — The fence is useless, the rabbits get in underneath., The fence is useless, the rabbits get in under it.

    Il s'est caché là-dessous. — He hid under there.

    au-dessous de [position, quantité] — below, (= peu digne de) beneath

    être au-dessous de tout — to be a disgrace, to be the absolute limit

    Complétez les phrases ci-dessous. — Complete the sentences below.

    4. nmpl
    (= sous-vêtements) underwear sg fig (d'une affaire) hidden aspects
    * * *
    A adv underneath; le prix est marqué dessous the price is marked underneath; j'ai soulevé le livre, mes clés étaient dessous I lifted the book and my keys were underneath; il ne pouvait pas sauter la barrière alors il s'est glissé dessous he couldn't jump over the gate so he slipped underneath; quand je vois une échelle, je ne passe jamais dessous when I see a ladder, I never walk under it; j'ai un parapluie, viens t'abriter dessous I've got an umbrella, why don't you come underneath?
    B nm (de langue, vase, d'assiette) underside; ( des bras) inside (part); le dessous du pied the sole of the foot; le dossier se trouve dans le dessous de la pile the file is toward(s) the bottom of the pile; de dessous, du dessous [drap, couche] bottom; l'étagère de or du dessous ( sous une autre) the shelf below; ( la dernière) the bottom shelf; les voisins du dessous the people who live on the floor below; l'étage du dessous the floor below.
    C dessous nmpl
    1 ( sous-vêtements) underwear ¢; porter des dessous en soie to wear silk underwear;
    2 ( la face cachée) (de scandale, cas, succès) inside story (sg) (de on); les dessous de la campagne électorale what goes on behind the scenes in the electoral campaign; on ignore les dessous de l'affaire we don't know what's behind this affair.
    D ‡prép under.
    E en dessous loc adj ( inférieur) la taille/le modèle en dessous the next size down.
    F en dessous loc adv
    1 ( sous quelque chose) underneath ; tu vois l'armoire là-bas, la valise est en dessous see that wardrobe over there, the suitcase is underneath; mets une chemise en dessous put a shirt on underneath; il n'y a personne en dessous there's no one living on the floor below; il habite juste en dessous he lives on the floor below; va voir à l'étage en dessous go and have a look downstairs;
    2 ( sournoisement) agir en dessous to act in an underhand way; rire en dessous to be laughing up one's sleeve; regarder qn en dessous to look at sb sidelong.
    G par en dessous loc adv
    1 ( sous quelque chose) underneath; passer par en dessous to go underneath; ça fuit par en dessous it's leaking underneath; prendre qch par en dessous to lift sth up from underneath;
    2 ( de manière sournoise) il te fait des sourires mais par en dessous il te critique he's all smiles when he sees you but he criticizes you behind your back.
    H en dessous de loc prép
    1 ( sous) below; il habite juste en dessous de chez moi he lives on the floor below me; en dessous de la fenêtre below the window;
    2 ( à un niveau inférieur) below; 15 degrés en dessous de zéro 15 degrees below zero; en dessous d'un salaire minimum/du seuil de pauvreté/de 10% below a minimum wage/the poverty line/10%; les producteurs de pétrole travaillent en dessous de leurs possibilités oil producers are operating below capacity; les chèques en dessous de 15 euros ne sont pas acceptés cheques for under 15 euros are not accepted; les enfants en dessous de 13 ans children under 13; tu travailles en dessous de tes possibilités you're not working to your full potential, you're not giving your all.
    I de dessous loc prép ( d'un endroit) on l'a retiré de dessous les décombres they pulled him from beneath ou out of the rubble; j'ai retiré le tapis de dessous la table I pulled the rug from under the table.
    avoir le dessous to come off worst; être au dessous de tout○ ( ne pas être à la hauteur) to be absolutely useless○; ( moralement) to be despicable.
    [d(ə)su] adverbe
    ————————
    [d(ə)su] nom masculin
    [d'un meuble, d'un objet] bottom
    [d'une feuille] underneath
    les gens du dessous the people downstairs, the downstairs neighbours
    les dessous de la politique/de la finance the hidden agenda in politics/in finance
    avoir le dessous to come off worst, to get the worst of it
    ————————
    [d(ə)su] nom masculin pluriel
    [sous-vêtements] underwear
    de dessous locution prépositionnelle
    en dessous locution adverbiale
    les gens qui habitent en dessous, les gens d'en dessous (familier) the people downstairs, the people in the flat (UK) ou apartment (US) below
    en dessous de locution prépositionnelle

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > dessous

  • 7 asomar

    v.
    1 to peep up.
    asoma el día day is breaking
    2 to show.
    María saca la lengua Mary sticks out her tongue.
    3 to appear, to begin to appear, to poke out, to surface.
    Los precios repuntaron The prices began to rise.
    * * *
    1 (empezar a aparecer) to appear, begin to show, come out
    1 (mostrar) to show, put out, stick out
    1 (a ventana) to stick one's head out (a, of), lean out (a, of); (a balcón) to come out (a, onto)
    ■ varios vecinos se asomaron a la ventana para ver qué pasaba several neighbours stuck their heads out of their windows to see what was happening
    2 (aparecer) to appear
    ■ las calles están casi desiertas, pero aún se asoma algún borracho the streets are almost deserted, but the odd drunk is still to be seen
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ cabeza, hocico] [hacia arriba] to lift; [hacia fuera] to poke out

    ¿desde cuándo no asomas la cabeza por aquí? — * when was the last time you came round here? *

    2) (Taur)
    2. VI
    1) (=verse) [sol, luna] [al salir] to come up; [entre las nubes] to come out

    el sol empezó a asomar en el horizonte/por entre las nubes — the sun began to come up on the horizon/come out from behind the clouds

    2) * [persona]

    se casó con el primero que asomó por la puerta — she married the first man o one who poked o stuck his head round the door *

    3) (=salir) [planta] to come up; [arruga, cana] to appear; [diente] to cut

    por la tarde le asomaba ya la barba — he already had five o'clock shadow *, by the afternoon his stubble was beginning to show

    4) (=comenzar)

    nació apenas asomado el año — he was born at the very start of the new year, he was born when the new year had barely got underway

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo to show

    asomaba por entre las páginas — it was sticking out from between the pages; (+ me/te/le etc)

    una sonrisa le asomó a los labios — (liter) a smile flickered across her lips

    2.
    asomar vt < cabeza>

    abrió la puerta y asomó la cabeza — she opened the door and stuck her head out/in

    3.
    asomarse v pron

    asomarse a algo: asómate a la ventana a ver si vienen have a look out (of the window) and see if they are coming; cuando se asomó a la ventana le dispararon when he appeared at the window they fired at him; estaba asomada a la ventana she was looking out of the window; se habían asomado al balcón para ver el desfile — they had come out onto the balcony to watch the procession

    * * *
    = stick out, stick up.
    Ex. Firth sticks out awkwardly, however, and the film appears to have been packaged around him.
    Ex. Elaine poked at the ribs sticking up so oddly above the otherwise flattened skeleton.
    ----
    * asomar la cabeza = poke + Posesivo + head, pop + Posesivo + head.
    * asomar por = stick out from.
    * asomarse por = lean out of.
    * hablando de Roma, por la puerta asoma = speak of the devil, talk of the devil.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo to show

    asomaba por entre las páginas — it was sticking out from between the pages; (+ me/te/le etc)

    una sonrisa le asomó a los labios — (liter) a smile flickered across her lips

    2.
    asomar vt < cabeza>

    abrió la puerta y asomó la cabeza — she opened the door and stuck her head out/in

    3.
    asomarse v pron

    asomarse a algo: asómate a la ventana a ver si vienen have a look out (of the window) and see if they are coming; cuando se asomó a la ventana le dispararon when he appeared at the window they fired at him; estaba asomada a la ventana she was looking out of the window; se habían asomado al balcón para ver el desfile — they had come out onto the balcony to watch the procession

    * * *
    = stick out, stick up.

    Ex: Firth sticks out awkwardly, however, and the film appears to have been packaged around him.

    Ex: Elaine poked at the ribs sticking up so oddly above the otherwise flattened skeleton.
    * asomar la cabeza = poke + Posesivo + head, pop + Posesivo + head.
    * asomar por = stick out from.
    * asomarse por = lean out of.
    * hablando de Roma, por la puerta asoma = speak of the devil, talk of the devil.

    * * *
    asomar [A1 ]
    vi
    to show
    cuando empiezan a asomar las primeras arrugas when the first wrinkles begin to show o appear
    nació apenas asomado el siglo ( liter); she was born at the very dawn of the century ( liter)
    asomaba por entre las páginas it was sticking o poking out from between the pages
    (+ me/te/le etc): la combinación le asomaba por debajo de la falda her slip was showing below her skirt
    ya le ha asomado el primer diente he's just cut his first tooth
    sólo le asomaba la cabeza por entre las sábanas only her head was sticking out from under the sheets
    una tímida sonrisa le asomó a los labios ( liter); a shy smile flickered across her lips
    ■ asomar
    vt
    (sacar): [ S ] no asomar la cabeza por la ventanilla do not lean out of the window
    abrió la puerta y asomó la cabeza she opened the door and stuck her head out/in
    no lo vi bien, apenas si asomó la nariz por la puerta I didn't see him very well, he barely poked his nose o stuck his head round the door
    asomó la cabeza por encima de la valla he stuck his head over the top of the fence
    [ S ] es peligroso asomarse do not lean out of the window
    se asomó por la ventana he leaned out of the window, he put o stuck his head out of the window
    asomarse POR algo to lean out OF sth
    [ S ] prohibido asomarse por la ventanilla do not lean out of the window
    asomarse A algo:
    asómate a la ventana a ver si vienen (con la ventana abierta) have a look out o put your head out of the window and see if they are coming; (con la ventana cerrada) have a look out of o go to the window and see if they are coming
    se asomó a la ventana y me hizo adiós con la mano he came to the window and waved goodbye to me
    cuando se asomó a la ventana le dispararon when he appeared at the window they fired at him
    estaba asomada a la ventana she was looking out of the window
    se habían asomado al balcón para ver el desfile they had come out onto the balcony to watch the procession
    * * *

    asomar ( conjugate asomar) verbo intransitivo
    to show;
    ◊ empiezan a asomar los primeros brotes the first shoots begin to show o appear

    verbo transitivo ‹ cabeza›: asomó la cabeza por la ventanilla she stuck her head out of the window;
    abrió la puerta y asomó la cabeza she opened the door and stuck her head out/in
    asomarse verbo pronominal: asomarse por algo to lean out of sth;
    se asomó a la ventana she looked out of the window;
    se asomaron al balcón they came out onto the balcony
    asomar
    I verbo transitivo to put out, stick out: de vez en cuando asoman la nariz por aquí, they drop round from time to time
    II verbo intransitivo to appear

    ' asomar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sobresalir
    English:
    peep
    - poke out
    - put
    - poke
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    asomar la cabeza por la ventana to stick one's head out of the window;
    asomaron el bebé al balcón they took the baby out onto the balcony;
    prohibido asomar la cabeza por la ventanilla [en letrero] do not lean out of the window;
    el humor asoma en su última película there are signs of humour in his most recent film;
    con los malos resultados empezaron a asomar las críticas criticism started to surface after the poor results;
    Fig
    asomar la cabeza to show one's face
    ♦ vi
    1. [sobresalir] to peep up;
    [del interior de algo] to peep out;
    la sábana asoma por debajo de la colcha the sheet is peeping out from under the bedspread;
    el lobo asomaba por detrás del árbol the wolf was peeping out from behind the tree;
    sus zapatos asoman por detrás de las cortinas her shoes are showing below o peeping out from below the curtains;
    te asoma la camisa por debajo de la chaqueta your shirt is sticking out from under your jacket;
    el castillo asomaba en el horizonte the castle could be made out on the horizon
    2. [salir]
    ya le asoman los primeros dientes his first teeth are coming through already, he's already cutting his first teeth;
    las flores asoman ya the flowers are already starting to come out
    3. [empezar]
    asoma el día day is breaking
    * * *
    I v/t put o
    stick out
    II v/i show
    * * *
    asomar vt
    : to show, to stick out
    asomar vi
    : to appear, to become visible
    * * *
    asomar vb

    Spanish-English dictionary > asomar

  • 8 relacionar

    v.
    1 to relate, to connect.
    estar bien relacionado to be well-connected
    2 to list, to enumerate.
    * * *
    1 (poner en relación) to relate, connect, associate
    2 (relatar) to tell, list
    1 (estar conectado) to be related ( con, to), be connected ( con, with)
    2 (alternar) to get acquainted ( con, with), mix ( con, with), meet ( con, -)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=asociar) to connect ( con with)
    2) (=enumerar) to list
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( conectar) to relate

    relacionar algo a o con algo — to relate something to something

    2) ( hacer una lista) to list
    2.
    relacionarse v pron
    a)

    relacionarse CON algo — con tema/asunto to be related to something

    * * *
    = link, relate, tie together, correlate, link up.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. A 'see also' reference connects headings or index terms which are in some way related, where both of the headings are regarded as acceptable for use as headings for entries.
    Ex. Time is automatically recorded to tie the two records together.
    Ex. The availability of foreign scientific and technical journals in the country and the frequency of interloan requests are directly correlated.
    Ex. The first word, 'communication,' should be familiar to librarians since we are in the business of getting across, linking up, in this age of enlightenment.
    ----
    * estar directamente relacionado con = be directly correlated to.
    * relacionar con = relate to.
    * relacionarse = interact (with), mingle (with), socialise [socialize, -USA].
    * relacionarse con = ally with, tie in (with), become + allied with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( conectar) to relate

    relacionar algo a o con algo — to relate something to something

    2) ( hacer una lista) to list
    2.
    relacionarse v pron
    a)

    relacionarse CON algo — con tema/asunto to be related to something

    * * *
    = link, relate, tie together, correlate, link up.

    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

    Ex: A 'see also' reference connects headings or index terms which are in some way related, where both of the headings are regarded as acceptable for use as headings for entries.
    Ex: Time is automatically recorded to tie the two records together.
    Ex: The availability of foreign scientific and technical journals in the country and the frequency of interloan requests are directly correlated.
    Ex: The first word, 'communication,' should be familiar to librarians since we are in the business of getting across, linking up, in this age of enlightenment.
    * estar directamente relacionado con = be directly correlated to.
    * relacionar con = relate to.
    * relacionarse = interact (with), mingle (with), socialise [socialize, -USA].
    * relacionarse con = ally with, tie in (with), become + allied with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with.

    * * *
    relacionar [A1 ]
    vt
    A (conectar) to relate
    es incapaz de relacionar ideas he is incapable of relating o linking ideas
    si relacionamos los dos sucesos if we take the two events together, if we link the two events
    los trenes que se relacionan a continuación the trains which are listed below, the following trains
    1 relacionarse CON algo ‹con un tema/un asunto› to be related to sth
    2 «persona»: relacionarse CON algn; to mix WITH sb
    no se relaciona con niños de su edad he doesn't mix with o have contact with children of his own age
    * * *

     

    relacionar ( conjugate relacionar) verbo transitivo ( conectar) to relate, connect;
    relacionar algo a o con algo to relate o connect sth to sth
    relacionarse verbo pronominal
    a) relacionarse CON algo ‹con tema/asunto› to be related to sth

    b) [ persona] relacionarse CON algn to mix with sb

    relacionar verbo transitivo
    1 (una cosa, persona, etc, con otra) to relate, link [con, to]
    2 (hacer un listado) to list
    ' relacionar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hilar
    - hilvanar
    - ligar
    - referir
    - vincular
    - conectar
    English:
    associate
    - connect
    - relate
    - link
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [vincular] to relate ( con to), to connect ( con with);
    estar bien relacionado to be well connected;
    la policía relacionó la explosión con las protestas contra los experimentos con animales the police linked the explosion to the protests against animal experiments
    2. [enumerar] to list, to enumerate
    * * *
    v/t relate ( con to), connect ( con with)
    * * *
    : to relate, to connect
    * * *
    relacionar vb to relate

    Spanish-English dictionary > relacionar

  • 9 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 10 случай

    (см. также вариант, версия, факт) case, event, occurrence, incident, occasion, chance
    • Безусловно это можно использовать лишь в случае, если... - Of course this applies only if...
    • Безусловно, в некоторых случаях... - In some cases, of course,...
    • Частным случаем все еще является тот, в котором... - A still more restricted case is that in which...
    • В огромном большинстве случаев... - In the vast majority of cases,...
    • В данном случае единственной возможностью является... - For this case, the only recourse is to...
    • В данном случае значение переменной Q не имеет какого-либо элементарного или очевидного объяснения. - In this case the quantity Q has no elementary or obvious meaning.
    • В данном случае можно использовать другой подход. - In this case a different approach can be used.
    • В зависимости от... возникают три случая. - Three cases arise depending on whether...
    • В зависимости от того, действительно ли..., необходимо различать два случая. - Two cases are to be distinguished, according to whether...
    • В качестве дополнительной иллюстрации рассмотрим случай... - As an additional illustration, consider the case of...
    • В лучшем случае, подобные величины представляют (собой)... - At best such values represent...
    • В любом случае, более удовлетворительным является (использовать и т. п.)... - In any case it is more satisfactory to...
    • В любом случае, возможно, было бы правильным сказать, что... - In any case, it is probably fair to say that...
    • В любом случае, очевидно, что... - At any rate, it is clear that...
    • В некоторых случаях более надежные значения для F могут быть получены из... - In some cases more reliable values for F can be obtained from...
    • В некоторых случаях более полезно... - In some cases it is more useful to...
    • В некоторых случаях возможно... - In some cases it is possible to...
    • В некоторых случаях достаточно... - In some cases, it is sufficient to...
    • В некоторых случаях может оказаться необходимым... - It may be necessary in some cases to...
    • В некоторых случаях эти два ограничения... - In some instances the two bounds fall close together...
    • В общем случае будет невозможно (найти и т. п.)... - It will not in general be possible to...
    • В общем случае будет обнаружено, что... - In the general case it will be found that...
    • В общем случае возможно доказать, что... - In general, it is possible to prove that...
    • В общем случае довольно трудно... - Generally, it is rather difficult to...
    • В общем случае мы считаем наилучшим (вычислить и т. п.)... - In general, we find it best to...
    • В общем случае несправедливо, что... - It is not in general true that...
    • В общем случае предполагается, что... - It is generally assumed that...
    • В общем случае рассуждение делают строгим, используя... - For the general case the argument is made precise by use of...
    • В общем случае следует ожидать, что... - In general it should be anticipated that...
    • В общем случае у нас нет оснований ожидать... - In the general case, we cannot reasonably expect...
    • В общем случае это не будет происходить, если только не... - This will not happen, in general, unless...
    • В общем случае это несправедливо. - In general this is not true.
    • В общем случае, рассматриваемом ниже,... - In the general case to be dealt with below,...
    • В обычном (= типичном) случае, например, можно было бы... - In a typical case, for example, one might...
    • В подобном случае могло бы быть проще уточнить... - In such a case, it might be simpler to specify...
    • В подобных случаях было предложено, чтобы... - In such cases it was suggested that...
    • В последнем случае может быть достаточно (вычислить и т. п.)... - In the latter case it may be sufficient to...
    • В простом специальном случае, когда X имеет форму (2.3), мы можем записать... - In the simple special case that X has the form (2.3) we can write...
    • В различных случаях мы обнаружили, что удобно... - We have found it convenient on various occasions to...
    • В следующей главе мы упростим ситуацию, рассматривая случай... - In the next chapter we simplify matters by considering the case of...
    • В случае (а) неравенство (1) доказывается в [2]. - In the case (a) inequality (1) is proved in [2].
    • В случае, если лекция откладывается, вас известят. - You will be given due notice in the event that the lecture is postponed.
    • В соответствии с природой... возникают четыре разных случая. - Four distinct cases arise according to the nature of...
    • В таком случае естественно сказать, что... - In this case it is natural to say that...
    • В таком случае мы часто говорим, что... - In this situation, we often say that...
    • В частных случаях может произойти (что-л). - In particular cases it may happen that...
    • В этой главе мы рассматриваем различные случаи... - In this chapter we consider various cases of...
    • В этом случае мы могли бы определить (= ввести)... - For this case we may define...
    • В этом случае особенно просто... - In this case it is particularly easy to...
    • В этом случае, невозможно более (использовать и т. п.)... - In this case, it is no longer possible to...
    • Важный случай возникает, когда... - An important case occurs when...
    • Во всех случаях общепризнанно, что... - In all cases it is generally recognized that...
    • Во втором случае говорится о... - In the latter case one speaks of...
    • Во многих случаях необходимо знать скорость (= частоту), при которой... - In many cases it is required to know the rate at which...
    • Во многих случаях необходимо обращаться за помощью к приближенным методам. - In many cases it is necessary to resort to approximate methods.
    • Во многих случаях это будет очевидно из простого наблюдения. - In many cases this will be obvious by inspection.
    • Во многих случаях это не имеет значения. - In many cases this is of no importance.
    • Возвращаясь теперь к более общему случаю, где/ когда... - Returning now to the more general case where...
    • Все случаи такого типа покрываются... - All cases of this kind are covered by...
    • Все это возникает как частные случаи (чего-л). - All of these arise as particular cases of...
    • Выберем специальный случай, когда... - Let us choose the special case where...
    • Давайте представим случай, когда... - Let us imagine a case where...
    • Давайте применим наше правило к простому случаю... - Let us now apply our rule to the simple case of...
    • Давайте рассмотрим некоторые частные случаи (чего-л). - Let us look at some particular cases of...
    • Давайте сейчас проведем данную процедуру в специальном случае... - Let us carry out this procedure here for the special case of...
    • Далее, мы кратко рассматриваем случаи, в которых... - Further, we briefly treat cases in which...
    • Данный метод особенно подходит в случае, когда... - The method is particularly appropriate when...
    • Действительно, наиболее типичным является случай, когда... - Indeed, it is typically the case that...
    • Для простоты мы ограничимся случаем... - For simplicity we shall confine ourselves to the case of...
    • До сих пор мы рассматривали лишь случаи, когда... - So far we have considered only cases in which...
    • Другие случаи молено обсудить в подобной манере. - In a similar manner other cases may be discussed.
    • Другим крайним случаем является... - At the other extreme is the case of...
    • Другим частным случаем является тот из... - Another simple case is that of...
    • Другой случай, представляющий для нас интерес, получается, если/ когда... - Another case of interest is obtained if...
    • Если это тот самый случай, то отсюда следует... - This being the case, it follows that...
    • Еще один интересный случай - это (случай)... - A further case of interest is that of...
    • За исключением специальных простых случаев, во всех остальных не является очевидным, действительно ли... - Except in certain simple cases it will not be obvious whether...
    • Зарегистрированы случаи (чего-л). - There are cases on record of...
    • Здесь будет рассмотрен только последний (= второй) случай. - Only the latter case will be treated here.
    • Здесь мы видим простой случай (чего-л). - Here we see a simple case of...
    • й в данном случае это находится в соответствии с... - Again this is in accordance with...
    • Из симметрии в данном случае очевидно, что... - In this case it is obvious from symmetry that...; From symmetry it is obvious that...
    • Имеются несколько специальных случаев, представляющих для нас большой интерес. - There are several special cases of particular interest to us.
    • Имеются случаи, когда... - There are cases when...
    • Имеются случаи, когда можно (показать и т. п.)... - There are cases when it is possible to...
    • Интересны несколько специальных случаев. - Several special cases are of interest.
    • Интересный случай возникает, когда... - An interesting case occurs when...
    • Интересным является случай, когда... - An interesting special case is when...
    • Исследование каждого случая отдельно приводит к... - Examination of each individual case leads to...
    • Итак, мы ограничимся наиболее важным случаем, который... - We therefore confine ourselves to the most important case, which is...
    • К несчастью, встречаются случаи, когда... - Unfortunately there are occasions when...
    • К сожалению, за исключением простейших случаев, довольно трудно (получить и т. п.)... - With the exception of the simplest cases it is, unfortunately, rather difficult to...
    • Критический случай получается, когда... - The critical case is that in which...
    • Между этими двумя весьма крайними случаями лежит большинство... - Between these two rather extreme cases lies the great majority of...
    • Можно отметить три специальных случая. - Three special cases may be noticed. •'
    • Мы до сих пор не рассматривали случай, когда... - We still have not dealt with the case in which...
    • Мы должны отличать последний случай от случая... - This last case should be distinguished from the case of...
    • Мы имеем здесь дело со случаем, когда... - We deal here with the case in which...
    • Мы можем, конечно, применить теорему 1 к случаю, где/ когда... - We can, of course, apply Theorem 1 to the case where...
    • Мы обсуждаем это в общем случае, когда... - We discuss this in the general case when...
    • Мы ограничим наши рассуждения случаем... - We shall restrict our considerations to the case of...
    • Мы очень просто включим сюда все случаи, сказав, что... - We include all cases very simply by saying that...
    • Мы пренебрегаем случаем, когда х < 0. - We disregard the case when x < 0.
    • Мы применим наши результаты к одному простому случаю. - We shall apply our results to a simple case.
    • Мы проиллюстрируем данный метод для случая... - We shall illustrate the procedure for the case of...
    • Мы рассматриваем каждый из этих двух случаев отдельно. - We consider these two cases separately.
    • Мы увидим, что данное исследование применимо также в случае... - It will be observed that this investigation applies also to the case of...
    • Мы уже применили здесь один специальный случай (чего-л). - We have used here a special case of...
    • Мы уже убедились, что в общем случае мы не можем ожидать... - We have already seen that we cannot, in general, expect...
    • На практике мы почти всегда встречаем случай, когда... - In practice, it is almost invariably the case that...
    • Наиболее важным случаем является тот, в котором... - The most important case is that in which...
    • Наиболее заметным (этот) случай становится, когда... - The most conspicuous case occurs when...
    • Простейший и, одновременно, наиболее широко используемый случай это... - The simplest case, and the most widely used, is that of...
    • Нам не известны случаи (чего-л). - No case of... has come to our notice.
    • Наше задание становится существенно сложнее в случае... - The task at hand is more complicated in the case of...
    • Общий случай рассматривается в упражнении 54. - The general case is considered in Exercise 54.
    • Однако в данном случае проделать это затруднительно. - In the present situation, however, it is not feasible to do this.
    • Однако в общем случае мы заинтересованы в измерении других характеристик... - In general, however, we are interested in measuring other properties of...
    • Однако в общем случае эта идея имеет небольшую область приложений. - However, this idea has little application in general.
    • Однако в случае... эти эффекты относительно малы. - These effects are, however, relatively small in the case of...
    • Однако в специальных случаях это затруднение можно обойти. - In special cases, however, this difficulty may be circumvented.
    • Однако во многих случаях мы не знаем... - But in many cases, we do not know...
    • Однако для этих случаев часто более эффективно... - For these cases it is, however, often more efficient to...
    • Однако из экспериментов мы знаем, что бывают случаи, когда... - Experimentally, however, we know that there are cases when...
    • Однако имеется много случаев, когда... - There are, however, many cases in which...
    • Однако имеется один интересный случай, когда... - There is, however, one interesting case in which...
    • Однако имеются два предельных случая, когда... - There are, however, two limiting cases in which...
    • Однако имеются некоторые специальные случаи, когда... - There are, however, some special cases in which...
    • Однако имеются несколько специальных случаев, в которых/ когда... - There are, however, a few specific cases in which...
    • Однако легко обобщить это исследование на случай, когда... - It is easy, however, to generalize this treatment to the case of...
    • Однако существуют важные специальные случаи, когда... - There are, however, important special cases when...
    • Однако это, несомненно, случай... - But this is by no means the case for...
    • Однако, в общем случае, несправедливо, что... - It is not true in general, however, that...
    • Одним важным исключением является случай... - An important exception is the case of...
    • Основные результаты приводятся ниже, сначала для случая... - The main results are stated below, first for the case of...
    • Особенно важным для наших целей является случай, что... - Particularly important for our purposes is the case of...
    • Особенно это тот случай, когда... - This is particularly the case when...
    • Особый интерес вызывают случаи, когда... - Special interest attaches to cases in which...
    • Оставляя в стороне особые случаи, мы... - Leaving these singular cases aside, we...
    • Оставляя этот случай в стороне, получаем, что... - Leaving this case out of consideration, it follows that...
    • Остается рассмотреть случай, когда... - It remains now to deal with the case when...
    • Очевидно, они неприменимы к случаям, где/ когда... - Clearly they do not apply to cases where...
    • Первым и самым простым из этих случаев является случай, когда... - The first of these, and the simplest, is...
    • Подобные случаи могут быть описаны общим уравнением... - Such cases can be covered by the general equation...
    • Поучительно решить эти уравнения в случае... - It is instructive to work out these equations for the case of...
    • Применение данной теории к частным случаям требует... - The application of the theory to particular cases requires...
    • Простейший пример такой ситуации дается специальным случаем... - The simplest example of such a situation is the special case of...
    • Простейшим случаем является тот, когда/в котором... - The simplest case is that in which...
    • С другой стороны, в общем случае не всегда допустимо... - On the other hand, it is not in general permissible to...
    • Ситуация становится проще в случае, когда... - The situation is slightly simpler in the case where...
    • Следовательно в каждом отдельном из этих случаев необходимо... - In each of these cases, therefore, it is necessary to...
    • Следующим простейшим случаем является тот, в котором... - The next simplest case is that in which...
    • Случаем огромного практического интереса является тот, в котором/где/ когда... - A case of great practical interest is that in which...
    • Случаи, имеющие практический интерес, приводятся ниже. - Cases of practical interest are given below.
    • Случай (чего-л) требует специального рассмотрения. - The case of... requires special consideration.
    • Случай этого сорта возникает, когда... - This kind of case arises when...
    • Случай, вызывающий особый интерес, возникает, когда... - A case of special interest arises when...
    • Сначала мы рассматриваем случай... - We first deal with the case of...
    • Существенно более важным случаем является тот, когда... - By far the most important case is that in which...
    • Существуют два случая, когда это должно быть принято во внимание. - There are two situations where this has to be taken into account:
    • Такая связь является простейшей в случае... - This connection is simplest in the case of...
    • Тем не менее, мы говорим в общем случае, что... - Nevertheless, we generally say that...
    • Теорема 2 может быть расширена на случай параболического уравнения. - Theorem 2 can be extended to deal with parabolic equations.
    • Теперь мы можем обобщить (это) на случай... - We can now generalize to the case of...
    • Теперь мы обнаруживаем, что обязаны различать между двумя случаями. - We have now two cases to distinguish.
    • То, что было сказано выше, применяется, в частности, к случаю... - What has been said above applies in particular to...
    • Только что приведенный пример является специальным случаем... - The example just given is a special case of...
    • Нам не представится случай использовать... - We shall not have occasion to use...
    • Уже сформулированные правила молено распространить на случай... - The rules presented so far can be extended to...
    • Частным случаем этой теоремы является... - A particular case of this theorem is that...
    • Что важно в любом из случаев, это... - What is important in either case is that...
    • Чтобы получить практический результат в подобных случаях, мы... - То obtain a practical result in such cases, we...
    • Чтобы рассмотреть общий случай, давайте... - То deal with the general case, let...
    • Чтобы рассмотреть этот случай, мы... - То cover this case, we...
    • Эти результаты теперь могут быть специализированы для случая... - These results can now be specialized to the case of...
    • Это может рассматриваться как специальный случай... - This may now be regarded as a special case of...
    • Это обычный случай. - This is a common occurrence.
    • Это очевидно для случая, когда/где... - This is obvious in the case of...
    • Это практически важный случай, потому что... - This is an important case in practice because...
    • Это просто частный случай (теоремы и т. п.)... - This is simply a particular case of...
    • Это случай, наиболее часто встречающийся на практике. - This is the case that occurs most frequently in practice.
    • Это существенно отличается от конечномерного случая, где... - This is in marked contrast to the finite dimensional case, where...
    • Это удовлетворительно во многих случаях, однако... - This is satisfactory in many instances; however,...
    • Это хорошо подтверждается в случае... - This is well confirmed in the case of...
    • Этого, очевидно, достаточно, чтобы рассмотреть случай.,. - It is obviously enough to consider the case...
    • Этот случай дает прекрасный пример (чего-л). - This case provides an excellent example of...
    • Этот случай хорошо иллюстрируется (чем-л). - This case is neatly illustrated by...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > случай

  • 11 Agriculture

       Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.
       The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.
       The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.
       Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Agriculture

  • 12 ἀγνοέω

    ἀγνοέω impf. ἠγνόουν; 1 aor. ἠγνόησα; pf. ἠγνόηκα LXX; ptc. ἠγνοηκώς 3 Macc 3:9. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. ἀγνοηθήσεται (Ath., R. 50, 34); plpf. 3 sg. ἠγνόητο (Ath., R. 50, 30). On the philological history s. FLindemann, SymbOsl 38, ’63, 69–75. (Hom.+)
    ① to be uninformed about, not to know, be ignorant (of)
    ⓐ w. ὅτι foll. (Περὶ ὕψους 33, 3 [οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο ἀγνοῶ ὅτι=nor do I fail to recognize this, namely that …]; PGiss 11, 17 [118 A.D.]) Ro 2:4; 6:3; 7:1; MPol 17:2. A favorite of Paul’s is the formula οὐ θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν (cp. Theophr., CP 2, 4, 8; 3, 9, 5; PTebt 314, 3 [II A.D.] πιστεύω σε μὴ ἀγνοεῖν; Philo, Opif. M. 87 χρὴ μηδʼ ἐκεῖνο ἀγνοεῖν ὅτι; Jos., Ant. 13, 354 οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖν βούλομαί σε) I want you to know w. ὅτι foll. Ro 1:13; 1 Cor 10:1; cp. 2 Cl 14:2; w. περί τινος 1 Cor 12:1; 1 Th 4:13; w. ὑπέρ τινος and ὅτι foll. 2 Cor 1:8; w. acc. foll. Ro 11:25; cp. οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν we are well aware of (Satan’s) designs 2 Cor 2:11 (cp. Diod S 3, 66, 4; Appian, Samn. 4 §14 [sim. Just., D. 33, 1] οὐκ ἀγνοεῖν ὅτι=know very well that; Athen. 4, 73, 172f οὐκ ἀγνοῶ … ἅ.; Wsd 12:10; Jos., Bell. 1, 608, Ant. 6, 253; 7, 217; PGM 7, 245 οὐκ ἀγνοοῦμεν); w. indir. question foll. 2 Cl 10:4; MPol 10:1. Abs. ἀγνοῶν ἐποίησα I did it in ignorance 1 Ti 1:13 (TestJud 12:5; s. 4 below).
    ⓑ not to know w. acc. of pers. (PGiss 69, 4 Χαιρήμονα οὐκ ἀγνοεῖς; PPetr III, 53n, 4 [III B.C.]; Herm. Wr. 11, 21b ἀ. τὸν θεόν [codd. τὸ θεῖον]) or thing (SIG 336, 9 ἀ. τοὺς τῆς πόλεως νόμους; 881, 3–4; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 57, 6 [II B.C.]; Jos., Vi. 107) τοῦτον ἀγνοήσαντες Ac 13:27. τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην Ro 10:3 (here perh.=disregard, s. 2 below). παράπτωμα Hm 9:7. τὸ χάρισμα IEph 17:2; cp. MPol 11:2. Abs. ὅ ἀγνοοῦντες εὐσεβεῖτε what you worship without knowing it (on the subject matter Maximus Tyr. 11, 5e: all sorts of philosophers ἴσασιν οὐκ ἑκόντες καὶ λέγουσιν ἄκοντες sc. τὸ θεῖον=they know and name God without intending to do so) Ac 17:23; cp. ISm 5:1. ὁ ἀγνοῶν the person who does not know it ITr 6:2. Pass. (Jos., Ant. 1, 286) ἀγνοοῦνται (the Christians) are not well known Dg 5:12; ἀγνοούμενοι (opp. ἐπιγινωσκόμενοι) 2 Cor 6:9; ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις unknown to the congregations by face (=personally, dat. of relation B-D-F §197; manner, Rob. 530) Gal 1:22.
    ② to pay little or no attention to, not to recognize, disregard, ignore (cp. Ro 10:3 above) εἴ τις ἀγνοεῖ, ἀγνοεῖται anyone who disregards (it), is disregarded (by God) 1 Cor 14:38 (v.l. ἀγνοείτω let that person remain ignorant.—For the juxtaposition of act. and pass. s. Alex. Aphr., Fat. 31, II/2 p. 202, 18 ἀγνοῶν καὶ ἀγνοούμενος).
    ③ to fail to understand, w. implication of lack of capacity or ability, not to understand w. acc. τὸ ῥῆμα Mk 9:32; Lk 9:45. ἐν οἷς (=ἐν τούτοις, ἅ) ἀγνοοῦσιν βλασφημοῦντες deriding what they do not understand 2 Pt 2:12 (cp. PTebt 43, 25 [118 B.C.] ὑφʼ ἡμῶν ἔν τισιν ἠγνοηκότων).
    ④ to be unaware about one’s wrongdoing, lapse/do wrong/sin unintentionally (Isocr., X. et al.; Polyb. 1, 67, 5; Diod S 1, 70, 7 ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀγνοουμένων; 11, 16, 1 τὰ ἠγνοημένα=lapses; 17, 73, 6; Sir 5:15; 2 Macc 11:31; PTebt 23, 12 [II B.C.] τὰ προηγνοημένα the former sins; s. ἄγνοια 2 beg.) w. πλανᾶσθαι Hb 5:2 (Moffatt: ‘err through ignorance’; s. next entry and μετριοπαθέω).—LCerfaux, RAC I 186–88.—DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω 225. M-M. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἀγνοέω

  • 13 метод

    method, process, procedure, approach, technique, practice, tool, strategy
    • Безо всяких изменений данный метод подходит для... - The method lends itself readily to...
    • Более подходящим методом является... - A better technique is to...
    • Более прямой метод получения величины F рассматривается в главе 9. - A more direct procedure for obtaining F is considered in Chapter 9.
    • Более подходящим методом является определение... - A more satisfactory method is to establish...
    • Большинство из этих более продвинутых методов требует... - Most of these more advanced methods require...
    • Были предложены несколько методов. - Several techniques have been suggested.
    • Было довольно нелегко разработать метод для... - It was fairly difficult to develop a method for...
    • Было довольно сложно разработать метод для... - It was quite difficult to develop a method for...
    • Было легко разработать метод для... - It was easy to develop a method for...
    • Было относительно легко (= просто) разработать метод для... - It was relatively easy to develop a method for... (not easy on an absolute scale, but less challenging than other tasks)
    • Было почти невозможно разработать метод для... - It was almost impossible to develop a method for... (so hard that we nearly failed)
    • В альтернативном методе мы вычисляем... - In the alternative method we calculate...
    • В данной главе мы представим метод для... - In this chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
    • В данном приближенном методе существенно... - In this approximation procedure it is essential to...
    • В качестве примера применения описанного выше метода мы показываем, что... - As an example of the method described above we show that...
    • В недавние годы этот метод был улучшен посредством использования (чего-л). - In recent years the subject has been enriched by the use of...
    • В основном мы следуем методу... - In essence we follow the procedure of...
    • В последние годы несколько авторов отказались от этого метода. - Several authors have, in recent years, departed from this procedure.
    • В своих основных чертах это был метод, использовавшийся Смитом [1]. - In essence, this was the method employed by Smith [1].
    • В соответствии с методом, намеченным в Главе 1, мы... - In accordance with the method outlined in Chapter 1, we...
    • В этой главе мы даем эффективный метод... - In this chapter we give an efficient method for...
    • Вместо этого давайте разработаем (один) общий метод, посредством которого... - Instead, let us develop a general method whereby...
    • Во многих случаях необходимо обращаться за помощью к приближенным методам. - In many cases it is necessary to resort to approximate methods.
    • Возможно, безопасно применить метод... к... - It is probably safe to apply the method of... to...
    •
    Возможно, наилучшим методом является... - Perhaps the best approach is to...
    • Все вышеупомянутые методы не применимы для малых х. - The foregoing methods all fail for small x.
    • Второй метод вывода уравнения (1) формулируется следующим образом. - A second method of obtaining (1) is as follows.
    • Второй метод точно согласуется с... - The latter method agrees precisely with...
    • Вышеуказанным методом обнаружено (= найдено), что... - By the above method it is found that...
    • Геометрически метод состоит в следующем. - Geometrically, the procedure is as follows.
    • Главное преимущество данного метода заключается в том, что... - The chief advantage of the method is that...
    • Главным преимуществом данного метода является его общность. - The principal advantage of the method is its generality.
    • Главным преимуществом данного метода по сравнению с традиционными является то, что... - The major advantage of this procedure over the traditional method is that...
    • Главным преимуществом данного метода является его простота. - The principal virtue of the method is its simplicity.
    • Далее, в данном методе заранее предполагается, что... - Further, the method presupposes...
    • Данное свойство является основой одного метода нахождения... - This property provides one method of determining...
    • Данный метод был предложен в статье [1]. - The method was suggested by Smith, et al. [1].
    • Данный метод намного точнее, чем... - The present method is much more precise than...
    • Данный метод не применим для/в... - The method does not apply to...
    • Данный метод невозможно применить, когда/ если... - The method is not applicable when...
    • Данный метод одинаково успешно можно применять к... - The method can equally well be applied to...
    • Данный метод особенно подходит в случае, когда... - The method is particularly appropriate when...
    • Данный метод позволяет... - The method enables one to...
    • Данный метод позволяет исследователю... - The method allows an investigator to...
    • Данный метод применим к широкому классу (в широком классе)... - The method is applicable to a large class of...
    • Данный метод прост и довольно интересен, однако... - This method is simple and quite interesting, but...
    • Данный отчет описывает новый метод... - This report describes a new method of...
    • Данным методом можно решить ряд важных практических задач. - This method enables us to solve several problems of practical importance.
    • Детали этого метода можно найти в [1]. - Details of the method can be found in Smith [1].
    • Для... можно применить несколько методов. - Several methods are available for...
    • Для получения... был использован ряд методов. - A number of methods have been used to obtain...
    • Для преодоления этой трудности был разработан один метод. - One method has been advanced for overcoming this difficulty.
    • Должны быть развиты методы для измерения... - Methods should be developed for measuring...
    • Достоинство этого метода состоит в том, что... - The advantage of the method is that...
    • Другим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The other disadvantage of this procedure is that...; Another disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    • Его метод доказательства весьма оригинален. - The method of proof is quite ingenious.
    • Единственный доступный нам в настоящее время метод - это... - The only method available to us so far is...
    • Единственным известным недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The only known disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    • Еще одним методом является... - Still another approach is to...
    • Здесь рассматривается (один) общий метод получения этих решений. - A general method of obtaining these solutions is considered here.
    • Важность наших методов состоит в том, что они будут давать... - The significance of our methods is that they will yield...
    • Значительно более удобный метод состоит в том, что... - A far more convenient approach is to...
    • Имеются два обычно используемых метода для... - There are two commonly used methods for...
    • Имеются три метода решения такой задачи. - There are three ways of attacking such a problem.
    • Интересным альтернативным методом является следующий. - An interesting alternative procedure is as follows.
    • Используя данный метод, следует помнить, что... - In using this method it is well to remember that...
    • Используя любой подобный метод, необходимо (помнить и т. п.)... - With any method such as this it is necessary to...
    • Используя этот метод, они нашли, что... - Using the method, they found that...; Using the method, they learned that...; Using the method, they determined that...; Using the method, they discovered that...
    • Используя этот новый метод, мы можем... - By this new method it will be possible to...
    • Итак, мы наметим несколько методов, которые могут использоваться для того, чтобы... - We therefore outline some procedures which can be used to...
    • К сожалению, этот метод оказался неприменим. - Unfortunately, the method was not applicable; The method, unfortunately, was not applicable.
    • К счастью, имеется один простой и подходящий для этого метод. - Fortunately, there is a simple technique available for doing this.
    • Каков недостаток этого метода? - What is the disadvantage of this procedure?
    • Каковы преимущества данного метода? - What are the advantages of this procedure?
    • Конечно, это могло бы быть следствием неподходящих методов. - Of course, this could reflect the use of inappropriate methods.
    • Конечно, этот метод не всегда применим. - Of course, this method will not always work.
    • Коротко, мы будем интересоваться методами, которые... - In short, we will inquire into the ways in which...
    • Кратко опишем метод для его оценки. - A method for estimating this will be given shortly.
    • Метод... должен быть применен к/в... - The method of... should apply to...
    • Метод... мог бы быть надежно применен для... - The method of... could safely be applied to,..
    • Метод анализа, намеченный в предыдущем абзаце, показывает... - The method of analysis outlined in the last paragraph shows...
    • Метод может использоваться для оценки... - The method can be used to estimate...
    • Метод обладает очевидным преимуществом... - The method possesses the obvious advantage of...
    • Метод основывается на принципе, что... - This method is based on the principle that...
    • Метод перестает быть достаточно точным, если... - The method ceases to be reasonably accurate if...
    • Метод состоит в следующем. - The procedure is as follows.
    • Метод состоит из двух шагов. - The approach is in two steps.
    • Метод требует от пользователя обеспечить... - The method requires the user to provide...
    • Метод, который здесь описывается, требует... - The method to be described here involves...
    • Метод, который мы описали, в общем случае не подходит для... - The procedure we have described is not, in general, suitable for...
    • Метод, приведенный в этом параграфе, подобным образом может быть применен к... - The method of sections may be applied in a similar way to...
    • Метод, с помощью которой это было получено, известен как... - The technique by which this is achieved is known as...
    • Методы, которые мы рассмотрели, позволяют нам... - The methods we have considered enable us to...
    • Можно использовать множество методов. Например,... - A variety of methods may be employed, e. g.,...
    • Можно ожидать, что метод обеспечит нахождение по меньшей мере одного корня. - The method can be expected to provide at least one root.
    • Мы будем придерживаться этого метода. - We shall follow this method.
    • Мы ввели широкий класс методов решения... - We have introduced a wide range of procedures for solving...
    • Мы можем обратить метод и вывести, что... - We can reverse the process and deduce that...
    • Мы наметим в общих чертах метод, основанный на... - We will outline a procedure based on...
    • Мы откладываем обсуждение подобных методов до параграфа 5. - We defer the discussion of such methods to Section 5.
    • Мы принимаем полностью отличный от данного метод. - We adopt an entirely different method.
    • Мы проиллюстрируем данный метод для случая... - We shall illustrate the procedure for the case of...
    • Мы считаем, что метод... можно применять к/в... - We believe that the method of... is applicable to...
    • Мы увидим, что эти методы могут использоваться лишь тогда, когда... - It will be observed that these methods are only applicable when...
    • Мы упоминаем лишь два таких метода... - We mention only two such methods of...
    • На данный метод часто ссылаются как на... - This process is often referred to as...
    • На самом деле оба метода используются на практике. - Both methods are in fact used in practice.
    • На сегодняшний день важность этого метода заключается в том, что... - For the present, the significance of this process lies in the fact that...
    • Наиболее важным преимуществом данного метода является то, что... - The primary advantage of this procedure is that...
    • Наиболее просто следовать этому методу в случае... - The procedure is most simply followed for the case of...
    • Наиболее часто используемые методы перечислены ниже:... - The methods that are most often used follow:...
    • Наиболее широко используемые методы основываются на... - The techniques most widely used are based on...
    • Наиболее широко используемый метод это тот, что был введен Смитом [1]. - The method most commonly employed is that introduced by Smith [1].
    • Наш метод будет весьма существенно отличаться от данного. - Our procedure will be quite different from this.
    • Нашей основной целью является описание систематических методов для... - Our first concern is to describe systematic methods for...
    • Не существует систематического метода определения... - There is no systematic way of determining...
    • Недостатком данного метода является то, что он требует... - The disadvantage of this procedure is that it requires...
    • Недостаток этого метода можно видеть... - The flaw in this approach can be seen by...
    • Несколько методов анализа были введены с помощью... - Several methods of analysis are introduced by means of...
    • Ни один из этих методов не требует... - Neither of these methods requires...
    • Ниже описываются два подобных метода. - Two such methods are described below.
    • Обнаружилось, что данный метод (здесь) не приложим. - It turned out that the method was not applicable.
    • Обнаружилось, что данный метод успешно используется в широкой области... - The method is found to be successful on a wide range of...
    • Обычно считают, что Смит [1] положил начало этому методу. - Smith [1] is usually credited with originating this method.
    • Обычным методом является измерение... - A common procedure is to measure...
    • Один такой несколько искусственный метод занимается... - One such trick is concerned with...
    • Одна элегантная версия данного метода использует... - An elegant version of this method employs...
    • Однако данный метод требует предварительного знания... - However, this method presupposes a knowledge of...
    • Однако лучше всего ввести этот метод, рассматривая... - However, the method is best introduced by considering...
    • Однако метод может не сработать даже при отсутствии... - However, the procedure may fail even in the absence of...
    • Однако мы воспользуемся здесь более общим методом, разработанным Воровичем [1]. - But we shall follow here a more general method due to Vorovich [1].
    • Однако мы легко можем разработать метод для... - We can, however, easily devise a means for...
    • Однако решения все еще могут быть получены при помощи чисто численных методов. - Solutions can still be obtained, however, by resorting to purely numerical methods.
    • Однако существует стандартный метод работы с... - However, there is a standard method of dealing with...
    • Однако этот метод не работает, будучи примененным к... - This approach, however, breaks down when applied to...
    • Однако этот метод совершенно не удовлетворяет нашим целям. - This procedure, however, falls far short of our goal.
    • Одним из преимуществ этого метода является то, что... - One advantage of this procedure is that...
    • Одним общим недостатком данного метода является наличие... - One common drawback of this method is the presence of...
    • Оказывается, данный метод первоначально появился в работах Смита [1]. - The method appears to have originated in the works of Smith [1].
    • Описанная выше процедура представляет один строгий метод... - The procedure described above represents a rigorous method of...
    • Описанный выше метод может быть использован для построения... - The procedure described above can be used to construct...
    • Описанный здесь метод всегда приводит... - The procedure described here always yields...
    • Основной слабостью метода является... - The main weakness of the method is...
    • Отличительным преимуществом данного метода является то, что... - A distinct advantage of the procedure is that...
    • Отличный от вышеупомянутого метод был предложен Джонсом [1]. - A different method has been given by Jones [1].
    • Перед этим не имелось общепризнанного метода... - Prior to this, there was no generally accepted method of...
    • Подобные методы могут использоваться в более сложных ситуациях. - Similar methods may be employed in more complicated cases.
    • Подобный метод был рассмотрен Смитом [1], который... - Such a procedure has been considered by Smith [1], who...
    • Подобный метод может быть принят, когда... - A similar method may be adopted when...
    • Подобный метод применяется к/в... - A similar method applies to...
    • Пользуясь такими методами, мы можем избежать... - By such expediencies we can avoid...
    • Потенциальное преимущество данного метода состоит в том, что... - A potential advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that...
    • Поэтому мы применяем слегка модифицированный метод. - We therefore adopt a slightly different method.
    • Предпочтительным, однако, является метод... - The preferred method, however, is to...
    • Преимущество этого метода заключается в том, что... - The advantage of this method lies in the fact that...
    • Преимущество этого метода, следовательно, состоит в том, что он обеспечивает простой... - The advantage < this procedure, therefore, is that it provides a simple...
    • Применение данного метода ограничено... - The application of this method is confined to...
    • Применение данного метода показывает... - An application of this process shows...
    • Применение данного специального метода оправдано (чем-л). - The adoption of this particular method is justified by...
    • Проиллюстрируем общий метод, рассматривая... - We illustrate the general method by considering...
    • Рассматриваемые до сих пор методы касаются... - The methods considered so far have been concerned with...
    • Результаты всех этих методов согласуются с... - The results of all these methods are consistent with...
    • Решающим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The crucial disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    • С другой стороны, этот метод даст... - On the other hand, this method will give...
    • Открытие Смита сделало возможным новый метод... - Smith's discovery made possible a new method of...
    • Самым простым из таких методов является (метод)... - The simplest such method is...
    • Следовательно, необходимо развить общий метод для... - It is, therefore, necessary to devise a general method for...
    • Следует подчеркнуть, что этот метод должен использоваться только если... - It is to be emphasized that this method should be used only; if...
    • Следует уделить внимание методам... - Attention should be given to methods of...
    • Следующее рассуждение иллюстрирует метод... - The following treatment illustrates the method of...
    • Следующим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - A further disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    • Смит [lj обнаружил метод для... - Smith [1] discovered a method for...
    • Смит [1] предложил метод вычисления... - Smith [l] has proposed a method of calculating...
    • Смит [1] применил этот метод к... - Smith [1] has applied this method to.,.
    • Стандартным методом является следующий. - The standard procedure is as follows.
    • Таким образом, мы имеем метод, который позволяет... - Thus we have a method which yields...
    • Тем не менее, развитые нами методы обеспечивают основу для... - However, the methods we have developed provide a basis for...
    • Теперь мы (полностью) готовы использовать методы, разработанные во втором параграфе. - We are now ready to use the methods of Section 2.
    • Теперь мы обсудим систематические методы, которые f можно использовать в/ при... - We now discuss systematic methods which can be applied to...
    • Теперь мы применим метод Римана, чтобы... - We now apply Riemann's method in order to...
    • Только что описанный метод известен как... - The procedure we have described is known as...
    • Тот же метод можно применять в/к... - The same method may be applied to...
    • Удобным методом достижения необходимой цели является... - A convenient way to accomplish this is to...
    • Усовершенствованные экспериментальные методы сделали возможным... - Refined experimental methods have made it possible to...
    • Фундаментальным преимуществом этого метода является то, что... - A fundamental advantage of this procedure is that...
    • Хотя этот метод и несколько необычен, он справедлив (= работает) как и любой из известных методов. - Although this method is somewhat unorthodox, it is as valid as any of the more familiar methods.
    • Центральной идеей, на которой основывался подход Смита [1], была... - The essential idea behind Smith's approach was that...
    • Чтобы воспользоваться преимуществами данного метода, необходимо... - In order to take advantage of this procedure, one must...
    • Чтобы проиллюстрировать применение метода, мы... - То illustrate the process we...
    • Эдисон изобрел новый метод для... - Edison invented a new method for...
    • Эдисон обдумывал новый метод для... - Edison devised a new method for...
    • Эти методы вводятся в следующем параграфе. - These methods are introduced in the next section.
    • Эти методы весьма громоздки. - These processes are tedious.
    • Эти методы настолько чувствительны, что... - These methods are so sensitive that...
    • Эти методы нельзя применять в случае, когда... - These methods are not applicable in the case of...
    • Эти методы очень чувствительны к малым изменениям в... - These methods are very sensitive to small changes in...
    • Эти методы получают своих сторонников, так как... - These methods attract proponents because...
    • Этим методом (= На этом пути) мы можем получить (вывести и т. п.)... - In this way we can arrive at...
    • Это будет объяснено примерами, когда мы будем изучать метод... - This point will be clarified by examples when we study the method of...
    • Это известный метод, принятый во многих работах... - This is a familiar procedure, undertaken in many studies of...
    • Это иллюстрирует важный метод... - This illustrates an important method of...
    • Это можно увидеть двумя методами. - This can be seen in two ways.
    • Это несущественный недостаток метода, поскольку... - This is not a serious defect of the method because...
    • Это приводит к полезным методам обращения с... - This leads to useful ways of dealing with...
    • Это простой метод, который можно проиллюстрировать, рассматривая... - This is a simple procedure which can be illustrated by considering...
    • Этот метод аналогичен использованному в... - The procedure is similar to that used in...
    • Этот метод был описан Смитом [1]. - The method has been described by Smith [1].
    • Этот метод был последовательно доведен до полной эффективности Смитом [3]. - This method was subsequently brought to full fruition by Smith [3].
    • Этот метод вполне очевиден. - This procedure is quite straightforward.
    • Этот метод доказательства довольно общий и применим к... - The method of proof is quite general and applies to...
    • Этот метод известен как... - The procedure is known as...
    • Этот метод имеет следующие недостатки. - The procedure has the following disadvantages.
    • Этот метод интересен по следующей причине. - This method is of interest for the following reason.
    • Этот метод легко адаптируется к/ для... - This procedure is readily adaptable to...
    • Этот метод легко понять, замечая, что... - The process is easily understood by noting that...
    • Этот метод лучше всего иллюстрируется примером. - The procedure is best illustrated by an example.
    • Этот метод наиболее успешен в случае, когда он применяется в... - The method is most successful when applied to...
    • Этот метод очевидным образом может быть распространен на (случай)... - This process can clearly be extended to...
    • Этот метод принимается, поскольку... - This approach is adopted because...
    • Этот метод являлся стандартным в течение многих лет. Несмотря на более новые разработки он будет использоваться и далее. - This approach has been standard for many years, and will continue to be of great use regardless of newer developments.
    • Этот технически простой метод действительно требует... - This technically simple method does require...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > метод

  • 14 deteriorarse

    1 (estropearse) to get damaged; (gastarse) to wear out
    2 figurado to deteriorate, go downhill
    * * *
    * * *
    VPR
    1) (=estropearse) to get damaged
    2) (=empeorarse)
    3) (Mec) to wear, get worn
    * * *
    (v.) = decay, deteriorate, creak, go + downhill, fall into + disrepair, grow + worse, fall + apart, dilapidate, go to + seed, degenerate (into)
    Ex. A data base must respond to a dynamic reality in which terms, 'strain, crack and sometimes break under the burden, under the tension, slip, slide, perish, decay with imprecision, will not stay in place, will not stay still'.
    Ex. But the relationship between the source of most of the shared cataloging data, the Library of Congress, and nonresearch libraries shows signs of deteriorating rather than improving.
    Ex. Such recommendations can be viewed as attempts to shortcircuit a system which has creaked more noticeably with the passage of time.
    Ex. The late James Bennet Childs, one-time head of Descriptive Cataloging at LC and long-time documents specialist, has often pointed out how the quality of documents cataloging went downhill after the special cataloging unit was abolished.
    Ex. His bodily frame, verging on obesity, appeared to have fallen into disrepair, as though he had ceased to be interested in it.
    Ex. As we all know, the situation has only grown worse since then.
    Ex. Most of the packaging for cassettes provided by commercial vendors that are known nationwide is lousy, falls apart, looks bad, and so on.
    Ex. The mission was in the process of building a new wing onto the convent, so the old house was allowed to dilapidate.
    Ex. She berated him for having ' gone to seed' and lambasted him for not living up to his ideals.
    Ex. The assistant's position frequently degenerates into a 'catch-all' position, with the assistant ending up with a number of miscellaneous odd-jobs (sometimes 'keep-busy' type jobs, well below his or her capabilities).
    * * *
    (v.) = decay, deteriorate, creak, go + downhill, fall into + disrepair, grow + worse, fall + apart, dilapidate, go to + seed, degenerate (into)

    Ex: A data base must respond to a dynamic reality in which terms, 'strain, crack and sometimes break under the burden, under the tension, slip, slide, perish, decay with imprecision, will not stay in place, will not stay still'.

    Ex: But the relationship between the source of most of the shared cataloging data, the Library of Congress, and nonresearch libraries shows signs of deteriorating rather than improving.
    Ex: Such recommendations can be viewed as attempts to shortcircuit a system which has creaked more noticeably with the passage of time.
    Ex: The late James Bennet Childs, one-time head of Descriptive Cataloging at LC and long-time documents specialist, has often pointed out how the quality of documents cataloging went downhill after the special cataloging unit was abolished.
    Ex: His bodily frame, verging on obesity, appeared to have fallen into disrepair, as though he had ceased to be interested in it.
    Ex: As we all know, the situation has only grown worse since then.
    Ex: Most of the packaging for cassettes provided by commercial vendors that are known nationwide is lousy, falls apart, looks bad, and so on.
    Ex: The mission was in the process of building a new wing onto the convent, so the old house was allowed to dilapidate.
    Ex: She berated him for having ' gone to seed' and lambasted him for not living up to his ideals.
    Ex: The assistant's position frequently degenerates into a 'catch-all' position, with the assistant ending up with a number of miscellaneous odd-jobs (sometimes 'keep-busy' type jobs, well below his or her capabilities).

    * * *

    ■deteriorarse verbo reflexivo
    1 (echarse a perder, ajarse) to get damaged
    2 (desgastarse, dejar de funcionar bien) wear out
    3 (ir a peor) to deteriorate, get worse
    ' deteriorarse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    deteriorar
    - estropear
    English:
    decay
    - decline
    - deteriorate
    - perish
    - degenerate
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [estropearse] to deteriorate;
    para que no se deteriore la pintura to prevent the paint from deteriorating
    2. [empeorar] to deteriorate, to get worse;
    la situación se fue deteriorando the situation gradually deteriorated o got gradually worse
    * * *
    v/r deteriorate
    * * *
    vr
    1) : to get damaged, to wear out
    2) : to deteriorate, to worsen
    * * *
    deteriorarse vb to deteriorate

    Spanish-English dictionary > deteriorarse

  • 15 значительно ниже

    •

    These signals are well (or substantially, or much, or vastly, or significantly) below the amplifier-saturation amplitude.

    * * *
    Значительно ниже-- However, the values of critical speeds are far below those measured.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > значительно ниже

  • 16 mínimo

    adj.
    minimal, lowest, least, minimum.
    m.
    minimum.
    * * *
    1 minimum, lowest
    1 minimum
    \
    como mínimo at least
    ni la más mínima idea not the faintest (idea)
    mínimo común múltiplo lowest common multiple
    ————————
    1 minimum
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. (f. - mínima)
    adj.
    1) least, smallest
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=inferior) [nivel, cantidad] minimum

    tarifa mínima: 2 euros — minimum fare: 2 euros

    • lo mínimo, es lo mínimo que podemos hacer — it's the least we can do

    • lo más mínimo — the least o the slightest

    el dinero no me interesa lo más mínimo — I'm not the least o the slightest bit interested in money

    • precio mínimo — minimum price

    • en un tiempo mínimo — in no time at all

    múltiplo 2., salario, servicio 1), c)
    2) (=muy pequeño) [habitación, letra] tiny, minute; [detalle] minute; [gasto, beneficio] minimal
    3) [plazo]
    2. SM
    1) (=cantidad mínima) minimum

    ¿cuál es el mínimo? — what is the minimum?

    • bajo mínimos — Esp [credibilidad, moral] at rock bottom; [consumo, presupuesto] very low

    con el presupuesto bajo mínimos — with the budget cut back to a minimum, with a very low budget

    • como mínimo — at least

    eso costará, como mínimo, 40 euros — that will cost at least 40 euros

    • un mínimo de algo — a minimum of sth

    • reducir algo al mínimo — to keep o reduce sth to a minimum

    2) (Econ) record low, lowest point
    3) (Mat) [de una función] minimum
    4) (Meteo)

    mínimo de presión — low-pressure area, trough

    mínima
    5) Caribe (Aut) choke
    * * *
    I
    - ma adjetivo
    a) <temperatura/peso> minimum (before n)
    b) ( insignificante) < detalle> minor
    c) ( muy pequeño) minute, tiny
    II
    masculino minimum

    con un mínimo de esfuerzo — with a o the minimum of effort

    con un mínimo de sentido común — with the least bit of (common) sense, with a modicum of sense (frml)

    * * *
    = bare [barer -comp., barest -sup.], low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], minimal, minimum, negligible, reduced, baseline [base line], monadic, lower bound, razor-thin, paltry [paltrier -comp., paltriest -sup.], measly [measlier -comp., measliest -sup.].
    Ex. Those are just the bare beginnings.
    Ex. Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex. The intellectual input at the indexing stage is minimal, even in systems where in the interest of enhanced consistency there is some intervention at the indexing stage.
    Ex. When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.
    Ex. Microforms are obviously very compact, and the microforms themselves occupy negligible space.
    Ex. The model shows that market concentration rises with inelastic demand, reduced marginal costs and efficient technology.
    Ex. This article describes the development of the first baseline inventory of information resources at the U.S.
    Ex. Modern economic theory, with its bias in favor of atomistic or monadic analysis, fails to take into account ethical questions.
    Ex. The resulting cost and benefit models permit estimating a lower bound on benefits and the calculations of net benefits (benefits less costs).
    Ex. Let's not squabble about the fact that Bush actually eked out a razor-thin victory in the popular vote.
    Ex. And there is no guarantee that any of the paltry sums of extra money available will actually benefit the workers in the recipient countries.
    Ex. Despite the Bank of England's base rate having risen by a full percentage point, the average savings rate is still ' measly'.
    ----
    * a un coste mínimo = at (a) minimum cost.
    * como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.
    * como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.
    * con sólo una mínima idea de = with only the sketchiest idea of.
    * con unos costes mínimos = with minimum costs.
    * coste mínimo = minimal cost, minimum cost.
    * diferencia entre... y... es mínima = line between... and... is thin.
    * en lo más mínimo = not in the least + Nombre Negativo.
    * grupo mínimo relacionado = minimum zone cohort.
    * lo más mínimo = so much as.
    * lo mínimo = bare necessities, the.
    * mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.
    * mínima parte = fraction.
    * nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.
    * no importar lo más mínimo = could not care less.
    * no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.
    * precio mínimo = threshold price.
    * reducción al mínimo = minimisation [minimization, -USA].
    * reducido al mínimo = stripped down.
    * reducir al mínimo = minimise [minimize, -USA], reduce to + a minimum, cut down to + a minimum, keep to + a (bare) minimum, cut to + the bone.
    * reducir a lo mínimo = cut to + the bone.
    * salario mínimo = living wage, minimum salary, poverty level.
    * salario mínimo, el = minimum wage, the.
    * ser mínimo = be at a minimum.
    * servicios mínimos = skeleton staff.
    * sin la más mínima de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la más mínima duda = beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * temperatura mínima = minimum temperature.
    * vivir con lo mínimo = live on + a shoestring (budget).
    * * *
    I
    - ma adjetivo
    a) <temperatura/peso> minimum (before n)
    b) ( insignificante) < detalle> minor
    c) ( muy pequeño) minute, tiny
    II
    masculino minimum

    con un mínimo de esfuerzo — with a o the minimum of effort

    con un mínimo de sentido común — with the least bit of (common) sense, with a modicum of sense (frml)

    * * *
    = bare [barer -comp., barest -sup.], low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], minimal, minimum, negligible, reduced, baseline [base line], monadic, lower bound, razor-thin, paltry [paltrier -comp., paltriest -sup.], measly [measlier -comp., measliest -sup.].

    Ex: Those are just the bare beginnings.

    Ex: Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex: The intellectual input at the indexing stage is minimal, even in systems where in the interest of enhanced consistency there is some intervention at the indexing stage.
    Ex: When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.
    Ex: Microforms are obviously very compact, and the microforms themselves occupy negligible space.
    Ex: The model shows that market concentration rises with inelastic demand, reduced marginal costs and efficient technology.
    Ex: This article describes the development of the first baseline inventory of information resources at the U.S.
    Ex: Modern economic theory, with its bias in favor of atomistic or monadic analysis, fails to take into account ethical questions.
    Ex: The resulting cost and benefit models permit estimating a lower bound on benefits and the calculations of net benefits (benefits less costs).
    Ex: Let's not squabble about the fact that Bush actually eked out a razor-thin victory in the popular vote.
    Ex: And there is no guarantee that any of the paltry sums of extra money available will actually benefit the workers in the recipient countries.
    Ex: Despite the Bank of England's base rate having risen by a full percentage point, the average savings rate is still ' measly'.
    * a un coste mínimo = at (a) minimum cost.
    * como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.
    * como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.
    * con sólo una mínima idea de = with only the sketchiest idea of.
    * con unos costes mínimos = with minimum costs.
    * coste mínimo = minimal cost, minimum cost.
    * diferencia entre... y... es mínima = line between... and... is thin.
    * en lo más mínimo = not in the least + Nombre Negativo.
    * grupo mínimo relacionado = minimum zone cohort.
    * lo más mínimo = so much as.
    * lo mínimo = bare necessities, the.
    * mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.
    * mínima parte = fraction.
    * nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.
    * no importar lo más mínimo = could not care less.
    * no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.
    * precio mínimo = threshold price.
    * reducción al mínimo = minimisation [minimization, -USA].
    * reducido al mínimo = stripped down.
    * reducir al mínimo = minimise [minimize, -USA], reduce to + a minimum, cut down to + a minimum, keep to + a (bare) minimum, cut to + the bone.
    * reducir a lo mínimo = cut to + the bone.
    * salario mínimo = living wage, minimum salary, poverty level.
    * salario mínimo, el = minimum wage, the.
    * ser mínimo = be at a minimum.
    * servicios mínimos = skeleton staff.
    * sin la más mínima de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la más mínima duda = beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * temperatura mínima = minimum temperature.
    * vivir con lo mínimo = live on + a shoestring (budget).

    * * *
    mínimo1 -ma
    1 ‹temperatura/cantidad/peso› minimum ( before n)
    los beneficios han sido mínimos profits have been minimal
    no le importa lo más mínimo he couldn't care less, he doesn't care in the least
    el trabajo no le interesa en lo más mínimo he is not in the least o slightest bit interested in his work
    [ S ] consumición/tarifa mínima 2 euros minimum charge 2 euros
    no tengo la más mínima idea I haven't the faintest o slightest idea
    no se preocupa en lo más mínimo por su familia she doesn't show the slightest concern for her family
    me contó hasta los detalles más mínimos de su experiencia he told me about his experience in minute detail
    era lo mínimo que podía hacer it was the least I could do
    2 (muy pequeño) minute, tiny
    una casa de proporciones mínimas a tiny house, a house of minute proportions
    Compuesto:
    mínimo común denominador/múltiplo
    lowest common denominator/multiple
    la bolsa ha alcanzado el mínimo del año the stock exchange has reached its lowest point this year
    pretende hacer todo con un mínimo de esfuerzo he tries to do everything with a minimum of effort o with as little effort as possible
    gana un mínimo de $50.000 she earns a minimum of $50,000
    no tiene ni un mínimo de educación she has absolutely no manners
    al menos podría tener un mínimo de respeto he could at least show a little (bit of) o a modicum of respect
    para hacer ese trabajo tiene que tener un mínimo de inteligencia a modicum of intelligence is required to do this job
    si tuvieras un mínimo de sentido común, no habrías hecho eso if you had any sense at all o if you had a modicum of sense, you wouldn't have done that
    tendrá, como mínimo, unos 40 años he must be at least forty
    como mínimo podrías haberle dado las gracias you could at least have thanked him
    habrá que reducir al mínimo los gastos costs will have to be kept to a minimum
    * * *

     

    mínimo 1
    ◊ -ma adjetivo

    a) ‹temperatura/peso› minimum ( before n);


    el trabajo no le interesa en lo más mínimo he is not in the slightest (bit) interested in his work;
    no tengo la más mínima idea I haven't the faintest idea

    ‹diferencia/beneficios› minimal
    mínimo 2 sustantivo masculino
    minimum;

    como mínimo at least
    mínimo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (muy pequeño) minute, tiny
    2 (muy escaso) minimal
    3 (menor posible) minimum
    sueldo mínimo, minimum wage/salary
    II sustantivo masculino minimum
    un mínimo de dos meses, a minimum of two months
    mil pesetas como mínimo, a thousand pesetas at least

    ' mínimo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    baja
    - bajo
    - denominador
    - ínfima
    - ínfimo
    - mínima
    - mínimamente
    - múltipla
    - múltiplo
    - salario
    - tasar
    - consumo
    - minimizar
    English:
    bare
    - cheap
    - deposit
    - least
    - low
    - lowest
    - minimal
    - minimum
    - minimum wage
    - say
    - sense
    - skeleton
    - slight
    - light
    - lowest common denominator
    - marginal
    - minimize
    - minute
    - modicum
    - quick
    - scrap
    - very
    * * *
    mínimo, -a
    ♦ superlativo
    ver pequeño
    ♦ adj
    1. [lo más bajo posible o necesario] minimum;
    la mínima puntuación para aprobar es el cinco you need a minimum score of five to pass;
    salario o [m5] sueldo mínimo minimum wage;
    lo mínimo que podría hacer es disculparse the least she could do is apologize
    Mat mínimo común denominador lowest common denominator; Mat mínimo común múltiplo lowest common multiple
    2. [muy pequeño] [efecto, importancia] minimal, very small;
    [protesta, ruido] slightest;
    no tengo la más mínima idea I haven't the slightest idea;
    sus hijos no le importan lo más mínimo he couldn't care less about his children;
    en este país no existe la más mínima libertad there's absolutely no freedom at all in this country;
    en lo más mínimo in the slightest
    ♦ nm
    minimum;
    trabaja un mínimo de 10 horas she works a minimum of 10 hours;
    al mínimo to a minimum;
    pon la calefacción al mínimo put the heating at minimum;
    la libra alcanzó un mínimo histórico frente al dólar the pound reached an all-time low against the dollar;
    no tiene un mínimo de sentido común he hasn't an ounce of common sense;
    si tuviera un mínimo de decencia la llamaría if he had an ounce of decency he'd call her;
    estar bajo mínimos [de comida, gasolina] to have almost run out;
    la popularidad del presidente se encuentra bajo mínimos the president's popularity is at rock bottom;
    el equipo se presenta a la final bajo mínimos the team is going into the final well below strength o with a severely depleted side
    ♦ como mínimo loc adv
    [como muy tarde] at the latest; [como poco] at the very least;
    llegaremos como mínimo a las cinco we'll be there by five at the latest;
    si te vas, como mínimo podrías avisar if you're going to leave, you could at least let me know
    * * *
    I adj minimum;
    como mínimo at the very least;
    no me interesa lo más mínimo I’m not in the least interested
    II m minimum
    * * *
    mínimo, -ma adj
    1) : minimum
    salario mínimo: minimum wage
    2) : least, smallest
    3) : very small, minute
    1) : minimum, least amount
    2) : modicum, small amount
    3)
    como mínimo : at least
    * * *
    mínimo1 adj minimum
    el más mínimo... the slightest...
    mínimo2 n minimum

    Spanish-English dictionary > mínimo

  • 17 price-earnings ratio

    Fin
    a company’s share price divided by earnings per share (EPS).
    EXAMPLE
    While EPS is an actual amount of money, usually expressed in cents per share, the P/E ratio has no units, it is just a number. Thus if a quoted company has a share price of $100 and EPS of $12 for the last published year, then it has a historical P/E of 8.3. If analysts are forecasting for the next year EPS of, say, $14 then the forecast P/E is 7.1.
         The P/E ratio is predominantly useful in comparisons with other shares rather than in isolation. For example, if the average P/E in the market is 20, there will be many shares with P/Es well above and well below this, for a variety of reasons. Similarly, in a particular sector, the P/Es will frequently vary from the sector average, even though the constituent companies may all be engaged in similar businesses. The reason is that even two businesses doing the same thing will not always be doing it as profitably as each other. One may be far more efficient, as demonstrated by a history of rising EPS compared with the flat EPS picture of the other over a series of years, and the market might recognize this by awarding the more profitable share a higher P/E.

    The ultimate business dictionary > price-earnings ratio

  • 18 достоинство

    •

    The merits (or advantages) of plastic propellants are their unequalled chemical stability and good storage properties.

    •

    The virtues (or assets) of ammonium nitrate are its cheapness and the low toxicity of the gases produced.

    •

    The chief value of the RNAs is in a mechanical capacity as a carrier of... (биол.).

    * * *
    Достоинство -- virtue, advantage, merit, plus, relevance (достоинство, которым предлагается воспользоваться); attraction (привлекательность)
     A major plus is the remarkable stability of even unencapsulated solar cells.
     The relevance of fatigue testing is that it provides a means of crack initiation at stress levels well below the tensile strength.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > достоинство

  • 19 Castles, Portuguese

       "Castles in Spain,' still a common phrase in English, can conjure up romantic images of scenery in neighboring Spain. Although less well known, "Castles in Portugal" are also quite numerous and equally remarkable, romantic, and scenic. Virtually all have been fully restored since the 1930s, when preparations began for the 1940 Double Centenary celebrations. Major Portuguese castles are listed below and several of them have individual entries in this dictionary (noted in boldface type). This is by no means an exhaustive list.
        Lisbon Region São Jorge Castle Palmella Castle* Belém Tower Moorish Castle, Sintra Pena Palace, Sintra Tagus River Valley
       Castle of Torres Novas/Castle of São Filipe (Setúbal)* Castle of Almourol Central/ Southern Portugal Castle of Abrantes
       Castle of Belver Castle of Silves (Algarve)
       Castle of Torres Vedras Castle of Marvão
       Castle of Óbidos Castle of Vide
       Castle of Peniche Castle of Alter do Chão
       Castle of Ourém Castles of Elvas
       Castles of Tomar Castle of Estremoz*
       Castle of Pombal Castle of Salir
       Castle of Montemor-o-Velho Castle of Beja
       Castle of Mértola
       Castle of Bode*
       Castle of Louzã Castle of Guimarães
       Castle of Feira Castle of Lanhoso
       Castle of S. João da Foz Castle of Montalegre
       Castle of Chaves Castle of Valença
       Castle of Monção Castle of Bragança
       Castle of Penedono Castle of Celórico da Beira
       Castle of Belmonte Castle of Sabugal
       *Indicates castle is now a pousada (state inn) where visitors can stay.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Castles, Portuguese

  • 20 φανερόω

    φανερόω fut. φανερώσω; 1 aor. ἐφανέρωσα; pf. πεφανέρωκα. Pass.: 1 fut. φανερωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐφανερώθην; perf. πεφανέρωμαι (cp. φανέρωσις; Hdt. 6, 122 [a late interpolation]; Dionys, Hal. 10, 37; Cass. Dio 59, 18; 77, 15; PGoodsp 15, 19 [IV A.D.]; Jer 40:6; TestSol; TestAbr B; JosAs 12:2; AscIs 3; 13; Philo; Jos., Ant. 20, 76; Just., Tat., Mel.)
    ① to cause to become visible, reveal, expose publicly (w. relatively more focus on the sensory aspect than on the cognitive as in 2 below. But distinctions are not always clear)
    ⓐ of persons
    α. act. of the Risen Lord J 21:1a; cp. 1b.
    β. pass. w. intr. sense show or reveal oneself, be revealed, appear τινί to someone Hs 2:1. ἡμᾶς φανερωθῆναι δεῖ ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 2 Cor 5:10.—Esp. of Christ (Just., A I, 56, 1; Mel., P. 43, 302. Of the Logos φανερωθεὶς τοῖς ἀνθρώποις Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 47, 8]) of his appearance in the world ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί 1 Ti 3:16 (ALau, Manifest in Flesh, The Epiphany Christology of the Pastoral Epistles ’96); cp. B 5:6; 6:7, 9, 14; 12:10. θεοῦ ἀνθρωπίνως φανερουμένου IEph 19:3.—Hb 9:26; 1 Pt 1:20; 1J 1:2ab. The purpose of the appearing is given by a ἵνα clause 1J 3:5, 8; B 14:5; 2 Cl 14:2.—Of the appearing of the Risen Lord τοῖς μαθηταῖς J 21:14; cp. Mk 16:12 (ἐν ἑτέρᾳ μορφῇ), 14. Without a dat. B 15:9. Of the Second Advent Col 3:4a; 1 Pt 5:4; 1J 2:28; 3:2b.—ὑμεῖς σὺν αὐτῷ (i.e. Christ upon his return) φανερωθήσεσθε ἐν δόξῃ Col 3:4b. Of the Christian community ἡ ἐκκλησία πνευματικὴ οὖσα ἐφανερώθη ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ Χριστοῦ 2 Cl 14:3.
    ⓑ of things, pass. w. intr. sense (Jos, Ant. 17, 194; Hippol., Ref. 9, 5, 1; Theoph. Ant. 2, 4 [p. 102, 22]) become visible or known, be revealed Mk 4:22; 2 Cor 4:10f; Eph 5:13f; Rv 3:18. Foll. by an indirect quest. 1J 3:2a.
    ② to cause to become known, disclose, show, make known
    ⓐ of things
    α. act. (PBrem 53, 26 [114 A.D.]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4) ἐφανέρωσεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ J 2:11 (TestAbr B 14 p. 118, 18 [Stone p. 84] τὴν σαπρότητα; JosAs 12:2 τὰ ἀφανῆ; Jos., Vi. 231 φ. τὴν ὀργήν). ὁ θεὸς αὐτοῖς ἐφανέρωσεν God has shown them what can be known about God Ro 1:19 (s. AKlöpper, ZWT 47, 1904, 169–80). Cp. 1 Cor 4:5; Tit 1:3; 2 Cl 20:5; Dg 8:11 (w. ἀποκαλύπτειν); 9:1, 2b; 11:5; IRo 8:2. φανεροῦν τινι ἀποκάλυψιν disclose a revelation to someone Hv 3, 1, 2. κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν φανεροῦν τινι make known or show to someone in a revelation MPol 22:3. ἐπὶ σοὶ … φανερώσει κύριος τὸ λύτρον in connection with you the Lord will disclose salvation GJs 7:2. τῷ θεῷ τὴν ὀσμὴν τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ φανεροῦντι διʼ ἡμῶν to God who makes known through us the fragrance of the knowledge relating to him (prob. Christ, but s. REB and NRSV of God) 2 Cor 2:14. πάντα ὁ πατὴρ φανεροῖ περὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ Ἰησοῦ B 12:8. (ὁ κύριος) πεφανέρωκεν ἡμῖν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν ὅτι κτλ. 2:4.— Make known by word of mouth, teach ἐφανέρωσά σου τὸ ὄνομα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις J 17:6 (though here the teaching is accompanied by a revelation that comes through a deed.—HHuber, D;. Begriff der Offenbarung im Joh. ev. ’34). ἐν παντὶ φανερώσαντες ἐν πᾶσιν εἰς ὑμᾶς in every way we have made this (i.e. τὴν γνῶσιν) plain to you, in the sight of all men 2 Cor 11:6. Cp. Col 4:4.— Disclose τοὺς γάμους GJs 15:2, 4.
    β. pass. w. intr. sense (Jos, Ant. 17, 194; Hippol., Ref. 9, 5, 1; Theoph. Ant. 2, 4 [p. 102, 22]) become public knowledge, be disclosed, become known J 3:21; 9:3; Ro 16:26; 2 Cor 7:12; Col 1:26; 2 Ti 1:10; Hb 9:8; 1J 4:9; Rv 15:4; B 7:7; IEph 19:2. Foll. by an indirect quest. 1J 3:2a. Foll. by ὅτι Dg 9:2a. χωρὶς νόμου δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ πεφανέρωται apart from law, the righteousness which is sent from God has been revealed Ro 3:21.
    ⓑ of persons
    α. act. ἑαυτόν show or reveal oneself: of God (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 47) διὰ Ἰησοῦ IMg 8:2.—Of Christ φανέρωσον σεαυτὸν τῷ κόσμῳ J 7:4. Difft. ἐφανέρωσεν ἑαυτὸν εἶναι υἱὸν θεοῦ he revealed that he was the Son of God B 5:9.— Expose ἐὰν αὐτὴν φανερώσω τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραήλ if I expose (Mary) to the Israelites GJs 14:1.
    β. pass. w. intr. sense be made known ἵνα φανερωθῇ τῷ Ἰσραήλ J 1:31. θεῷ πεφανερώμεθα we are well known to God 2 Cor 5:11a, cp. 11b; 11:6 v.l. (for φανερώσαντες). W. ὅτι foll. become known, be shown (that) 3:3; 1J 2:19 (logically impersonal, as ἠκούσθη in Mk 2:1).—MBockmuehl, Das Verb φανερόω im NT: BZ 32, ’88, 87–99.—DELG s.v. φαίνω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > φανερόω

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